{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:02:53Z","timestamp":1770883373382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics (ADAI)","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics (ADAI)","award":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics (ADAI)","award":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics (ADAI)","award":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics (ADAI)","award":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0079\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152067\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports, and Aerospace (LAETA)","award":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDP\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assesses indoor air quality (IAQ) in two schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), contributing scientific data for a developing tropic such as the DRC marked by the absence of sufficient study on the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in school buildings. Over ten weeks, we monitored IEQ parameters in two schools, considering their unique geographical and environmental settings. Using a calibrated IEQ multiprobe and particle counters, we measured the CO2 levels, temperature, relative humidity, and particulate matter (PM). Our data analysis, which included ANOVA and correlation assessments, revealed a concerning trend. We found that the CO2 and PM concentrations in the classroom were significantly high, often exceeding recommended safety thresholds. The current natural ventilation systems were found to be inadequate, particularly in managing CO2 concentrations and PM levels influenced by proximity to industrial activities. Our study recommends that schools in similar settings adopt mechanical ventilation systems with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to improve IAQ. We also recommend regular monitoring and dynamic air quality adjustment based on real-time data to ensure the effectiveness of implemented interventions. Furthermore, we propose that future studies focus on a broader range of environmental conditions and include many schools and educational buildings to enhance the generalisability of the findings. Long-term health outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of different ventilation strategies should also be explored to develop adapted, sustainable interventions for improving student well-being and performance in schools globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15050730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1740469508000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Primary School Classrooms: A Case Study in Mbuji Mayi and Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Paul Kapuya Bulaba","family":"Nyembwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ADAI, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Architecture, Planning, and Design, University of New Horizons, Route Kasapa 2465, Lubumbashi 2000, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University Officiel of Mbuji-Mayi, Av Kalonji 27, Mbuji-Mayi, Democratic Republic of Congo"}]},{"given":"Junior","family":"Florent Mbwisi Takizala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Planning, and Design, University of New Horizons, Route Kasapa 2465, Lubumbashi 2000, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Kalonji Muangala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Planning, and Design, University of New Horizons, Route Kasapa 2465, Lubumbashi 2000, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Kayembe Nyembwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University Officiel of Mbuji-Mayi, Av Kalonji 27, Mbuji-Mayi, Democratic Republic of Congo"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2780-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Omomoluwa","family":"Ogundiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ADAI, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-9811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Gameiro da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ADAI, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Sixth Grade Pupils\u2019 Health and Performance and Indoor Environmental Quality in Finnish School Buildings","volume":"2","author":"Turunen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. 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