{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:57:52Z","timestamp":1760057872693,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 19 September 2017, an intraplate earthquake with a magnitude of Mw = 7.1 occurred in Mexico. Visual inspection reports following the earthquake indicated that 11% of high-risk structures and 35% of collapsed buildings were situated at block corners in Mexico City. This study analyzes the statistics on corner buildings damaged by the 2017 earthquake. Three numerical models of reinforced concrete buildings were developed, featuring four, six, and eight floors with a waffle flat slab floor system. The study focuses on collapsed corner buildings and examines their seismic responses using a series of real unscaled accelerograms from the 19 September 2017 earthquake recorded at seismic stations near these buildings. The nonlinear dynamic analysis showed that seismic demands are concentrated at the more flexible corners of buildings with plan stiffness irregularity, which may result in a collapse at drift ratios lower than those required for more regular structures, indicating low seismic resilience. The study analyzed the progression of seismic demands and damage to corner buildings throughout the 19 September 2017 earthquake, allowing for a numerical verification of the observed damages. Damage indices and the distribution of seismic demands on the buildings clearly correlated with the observed partial and total collapses during the earthquake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15050745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1740469508000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Damage Progression in Corner Buildings with Infill Walls During an Intraplate Earthquake in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2790-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Juan I.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertha A.","family":"Olmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Varum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, FEUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Lampropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15772 Zografou, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez, C. (2022, February 02). Otro Sismo el 19 de Septiembre. Ciencia UNAM. Available online: https:\/\/ciencia.unam.mx\/leer\/649\/otro-sismo-el-19-de-septiembre-."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NTC DF (2004). Normas T\u00e9cnicas Complementarias para Dise\u00f1o por Sismo."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Nikolaou, S., Gazetas, G., Garini, E., Diaz-Fanas, G., and Ktenidou, O. (2023, May 15). Geoseismic Design Challenges in Mexico City, Part 1: A 32-year d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu, Structure Magazine, Available online: https:\/\/www.structuremag.org\/article\/geoseismic-design-challenges-in-mexico-city\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109977","article-title":"Building damages during the 19 September 2017 earthquake in Mexico City and seismic retrofitting of existing first soft-story buildings","volume":"209","author":"Jara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.21149\/9300","article-title":"Sismicidad y seguridad estructural en las construcciones: Lecciones aprendidas en M\u00e9xico","volume":"60","author":"Aguirre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.12989\/eas.2015.8.2.305","article-title":"Earthquake induced torsion in buildings: Critical review and state of the art","volume":"8","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290080307","article-title":"Seismic torsional provisions for dynamic eccentricity","volume":"8","author":"Tso","year":"1980","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290190703","article-title":"Inelastic seismic response of one-storey, asymmetric-plan systems: Effects of stiffness and strength distribution","volume":"19","author":"Goel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(199707)26:7<717::AID-EQE672>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Performance of asymmetric code-designed buildings for serviceability and ultimate limit states","volume":"26","author":"Chandler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-007-9052-3","article-title":"A review of research on seismic behaviour of irregular building structures since 2002","volume":"6","author":"Pintucchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020062","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000440","article-title":"Seismic behavior of plan and vertically irregular structures: State of art and future challenges","volume":"22","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B4015007","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000185","article-title":"Role of ground motion characteristics on inelastic seismic response of irregular structures","volume":"22","author":"Chakroborty","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Archit. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40999-020-00556-x","article-title":"New proposal to incorporate seismic accidental torsion in the design","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"61","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n a 50 a\u00f1os de los da\u00f1os ocasionados en la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico por el sismo del 28 de julio de 1957 con ayuda de investigaciones recientes y sistemas de informaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica","volume":"76","author":"Orozco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. De Ing. S\u00edsmica"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fundaci\u00f3n ICA, A.C. (1988). El sismo del 19 de Septiembre de 1985. Experiencias Derivadas de los Sismos de Septiembre de 1985, Limusa. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dilsiz, A., Gunay, S., Mosalam, K., Miranda, E., Arteta, C.A., Sezen, H., Fischer, E., Hakhamaneshi, M., Hassan, W.M., and Alhawamdeh, B. (2023). Joint Preliminary Virtual Reconnaissance Report (PVRR), Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). Available online: https:\/\/www.research-collection.ethz.ch\/handle\/20.500.11850\/645478."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.26682\/csjuod.2023.26.2.25","article-title":"Some of recommendations and learned lessons from buildings\u2019 performance during the recent Turkey-Syria earthquake","volume":"26","author":"Wardeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Univ. Duhok"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-024-01873-5","article-title":"The influence of torsion on acceleration demands in low-rise RC buildings","volume":"22","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Silva, A. (2023). Colapso por Torsi\u00f3n en Edificios en Esquina Durante el Temblor del 19 de Septiembre de 2017. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, F., Astroza, R., Ochoa, F., and Pasten, C. (2019, January 3). Razones Estructurales del Colapso de Edificios debido al Terremoto de Puebla-Morelos (Mw 7.1). Proceedings of the XII Congreso Chileno de Sismolog\u00eda e Ingenier\u00eda S\u00edsmica ACHISINA, Valdivia, Chile."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/10168664.2019.1605865","article-title":"Seismic Vulnerability and Retrofit Alternatives for Typical Soft-story Buildings in Earthquake Prone Areas","volume":"30","author":"Jara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020936694","article-title":"Overview of collapsed buildings in Mexico City after the 19 September 2017 (Mw7.1) earthquake","volume":"36","author":"Galvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Redacci\u00f3n (2022, May 02). En Im\u00e1genes: Todas las Zonas Colapsadas de la CDMX y su Impacto Econ\u00f3mico. El Financiero. Available online: http:\/\/www.elfinanciero.com.mx\/nacional\/19s-asi-fue-el-impacto-economico-en-zonas-colapsadas-de-la-cdmx."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Google (n.d.) (2024, October 03). Images of Google Earth. Available online: https:\/\/maps.app.goo.gl\/N65EgZ3Nqke2G7NQ7."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"NTC DF-Concreto (1977). Normas T\u00e9cnicas Complementarias para Elementos de Concreto."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020981981","article-title":"Intensity and damage statistics of the September 19, 2017 Mexico earthquake: Influence of soft story and corner asymmetry on the damage reported during the earthquake","volume":"37","author":"Reinoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:4(439)","article-title":"Seismic behavior of structures with flexible diaphragms","volume":"122","author":"Abrams","year":"1996","journal-title":"ASCE J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"135","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la flexibilidad el\u00e1stica de sistemas de piso utilizados en edificios urbanos","volume":"89","author":"Chinchilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. De Ing. S\u00edsmica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:1(25)","article-title":"Comparison of building analyses assuming rigid or flexible floors","volume":"125","author":"Ju","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-017-0083-0","article-title":"Assessment of the in-plane deformability of RC floors with traditional and innovative lightening elements in RC framed and wall structures","volume":"15","author":"Pecce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"NTC DF-Sismo (1977). Normas T\u00e9cnicas Complementarias para Dise\u00f1o por Sismo."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2017). CSI Analysis Reference Manual (Standard No. CSI SAP2000)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2015). Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures (Standard No. CSI PERFORM 3D)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hansen, R.J. (1970). A Measure of Earthquake Intensity. Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Plants, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"325","article-title":"Performance based seismic design","volume":"33","author":"Priestley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)","article-title":"Theoretical stress\u2013strain model for confined concrete","volume":"144","author":"Mander","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Struct. Div. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, R., and Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470172834"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Comit\u00e9 de Mamposter\u00eda (2012). Guide for the Analysis of Masonry Structures."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Deierlein, G.G., Reinhorn, A.M., and Willford, M.R. (2010). Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design, Applied Technology Council. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, NIST GCR 10-915-5."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Structural Engineering Institute (2017). ASCE Standard 41-17 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.116048","article-title":"Seismic evaluation and reliability index of soft story buildings on flexible soils by using old and current seismic regulations in Mexico","volume":"286","author":"Jara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2020). Normas T\u00e9cnicas Complementarias para Dise\u00f1o y Construcci\u00f3n de Estructuras de Mamposter\u00eda (Standard No. NTCM-20)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:4(722)","article-title":"Seismic damage analysis of reinforced concrete buildings","volume":"111","author":"Park","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2021.04.039","article-title":"Park-Ang damage index-based framework for post-mainshock structural safety assessment","volume":"33","author":"Amiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/15732471003653017","article-title":"Seismic fragility analysis of reinforced concrete continuous span bridges with irregular configuration","volume":"8","author":"Akbari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/15\/5\/745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:42:11Z","timestamp":1760028131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/15\/5\/745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings15050745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings15050745","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-5309"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}}}