{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:03:50Z","timestamp":1760058230998,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The informal city, also known as the clandestine city and usually associated with the phenomenon of urban self-organisation, is a reality that cuts across all societies today and occurs in the most diverse regions of the globe, which raises the following question: Why do such different cultures, in such different geographies, adopt a common idea of an \u2018informal city\u2019 to live in? Despite the dramatic human condition that characterises slums and informal settlements, it is challenging to understand how these settlements can be adopted as a living space for so many and such diverse populations, admitting the interpretation that it is a utopia and an urban idealisation. Informal urbanisation processes occur outside the system and on the fringes of the practice of \u2018institutional urban planning\u2019, as a necessary and immediate response to the absence of public land policies, housing market failures or situations arising from social and economic crises. The object of this study is to find out to what extent the configuration of space, the territorialisation model and the morphology of the informal city, characterised by an entropic urbanism, correspond to an urban organisational structure that occurs when it is up to society to provide its own habitat and urban environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15071083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T12:41:02Z","timestamp":1743079262000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Informal City as Urban Idealisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Carlos Almeida","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitectura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon (CIAUD-FAUL), 1349-063 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o e Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Pol\u00edticas, University of Lisbon (CAPP-ISCSP-UL), 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN-Habitat (2018). SDG Indicator 11.1.1 Training Module: Adequate Housing and Slum Upgrading, United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"McConville, K. (2025, January 06). Why Do People Live in Slums? In Concern Worldwide US, 19 de Janeiro. Available online: https:\/\/concernusa.org\/news\/why-do-people-live-in-slums\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesgar, M., and Ramirez-Lovering, D. (2021). Informal Land Rights and Infra-structure Retrofit: A Typology of Land Rights in Informal Settlements. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10030273"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"UN-Habitat (2025, March 22). Urban Law Tools No 2, Slum Upgrading Legal Assessment Tool. Available online: https:\/\/unhabitat.org\/slum-upgrading-legal-assessment-tool."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamalipour, H., and Iranmanesh, A. (2021). Morphogenesis of Emerging Settlements: Mapping Incremental Urbanism. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10010089"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bayat, A. (1997). Street Politics: Poor People\u2019s Movements in Iran, Columbia University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United Nations (2022). SDG Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, Columbia University Press."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UN-Habitat (2022). Global Action Plan, Accelerating for Transforming Informal Settlements and Slums by 2030, United Nations Human Settlements Programme."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Lafortune, G., Cort\u00e9s Puch, M., Mosnier, A., Fuller, G., Diaz, M., Riccaboni, A., Kloke-Lesch, A., Zachariadis, T., Carli, E., and Oger, A. (2021). Europe Sustainable Development Report 2021: Transforming the European Union to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, IEEP."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bhalla, N. (2024, December 20). Slum Populations Are Set to Surge as the Housing Crisis Bites, World Economic Forum. Available online: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2023\/06\/slum-population-affordable-housing-united-nations\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"UNECE (2009). SELF-MADE CITIES: In Search of Sustainable Solutions for In-formal Settlements in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Region, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Sennett, R. (1970). The Uses of Disorder: Personal Identity and City Life, W. W. Norton."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Valladares, L. (2025, March 18). A Inven\u00e7\u00e3o da Favela: Do Mito de Origem a Favela.com, Editora FGV, Rio de Janeiro. Available online: https:\/\/pt.scribd.com\/document\/510034618\/A-Invencao-Da-Favela-Livro."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Henriques, J. (1997). Internacional Situacionista\u2014Antologia, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Ant\u00edgona."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fr\u00fagoli, H., and Kowarich, L. (2016). Favela: Fatos e boatos. Pluralidade Urbana em S\u00e3o Paulo, Editora 34."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE) (2010). Notas T\u00e9cnicas in Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 2010, Aglomerados Subnormais\u2014Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Territoriais."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hawking, S. (2000). Breve Hist\u00f3ria do Tempo, Gradiva."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gleick, J. (2012). The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood, Ed. Vintage."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hillier, B. (2007). Space is the Machine\u2014A Configurational Theory of Architecture, Space Syntax."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straussfogel, D., and von Schilling, C. (2009). Systems Theory. Chaos Theory, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044910-4.00754-9"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Lutton, L. (2024, November 07). Could Entropy Provide a New Paradigm for Creating More Live-Able, Less Ordered Cities?. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/7258104\/Could_Entropy_Provide_a_New_Paradigm_for_Creating_more_Liveable_Less_Ordered_Cities."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bina, O., Balula, L., and Ricci, A. (2014). FUTURE CITIES\u2014Urban Visions and their Role in Planning. Urban Futures Squaring Circles: Proceedings, International Conference on Urban Futures Squaring Circles 2050, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Munford, L. (2007). Hist\u00f3ria das Utopias, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Ant\u00edgona."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Norberg-Schulz, C. (1983). Arquitectura Occidental, Editorial Gustavo Gili, SA."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Alberti, L.B. (1989). L\u2019Architectura, Edizioni il Polifilo."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ching, F. (1984). Arquitectura: Forma, Espacio y Orden, Editorial Gustavo Gili."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Bessa, M. (1998). Utopia: Uma Vis\u00e3o da Engenharia de Sonhos, Publica\u00e7\u00f5es Europa-Am\u00e9rica."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"8","article-title":"Plano diretor municipal da Goleg\u00e3: Uma abordagem de ba-se-local","volume":"Volume 22","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cadernos de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitetura e Urbanismo"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cities and Self-organization","volume":"2","author":"Cellamare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tracce Urbane Riv. Ital. Transdiscipl. Studi Urbani"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Friedman, Y. (2003). L\u2019Architecture de Survie\u2014Une Philosophie de la Pauvert\u00e9, Editions de l\u2019Eclat."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Holland, L.B. (1966). Summary Proceedings. Who Designs America. The American Civilization Conference at Princeton, Anchor Books\/Doubleday."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Alexander, C., Davis, H., Martinez, J., and Corner, D. (1985). The Production of Houses, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103211","article-title":"Exploring the similarities between informal and medieval settlements: A methodology and an application","volume":"115","author":"Venerandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"141","article-title":"Aprender a planear a cidade inclusiva [Learning to plan the inclusive city]","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cadernos P\u00f3s, Cadernos de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitetura e Urbanismo"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Andreae, J. (1985). Cristianopolis (Republicae Christianopolitanae Descriptio), Rozekruis-Pers."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Risom, J., and Madriz, M. (2018). Embracing the Paradox of Planning for Informality, NEXT CITY. Available online: https:\/\/nextcity.org\/features\/embracing-the-paradox-of-planning-for-informality."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Marcuse, P. (2024, November 07). From the Just City to the Ideal City: Theory and Practice\u2014Blog #73. Available online: https:\/\/pmarcuse.wordpress.com\/2015\/08\/31\/from-the-just-city-to-the-ideal-city-theory-and-practice\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"More, T. (1989). Utopia, Publica\u00e7\u00f5es Europa-Am\u00e9rica."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Plato (1977). Timaeus and Critias, Penguin Books."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., Zabotto, A., and Periotto, F. (2021). Verde Urbano, Ed. Unaspress."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"T\u00f6nnies, F. (2002). Community and Society, Dover Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2307\/2088218","article-title":"The Folk-Urban Continuum","volume":"17","author":"Miner","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Castells, M. (1984). Problemas de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sociologia Urbana, Editorial Presen\u00e7a."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson, R.J. (2012). Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect, The University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226733883.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2008.01215.x","article-title":"Urban disorder today","volume":"60","author":"Sennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Sociol."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/15\/7\/1083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:03:08Z","timestamp":1760029388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/15\/7\/1083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings15071083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings15071083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-5309"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}