{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1762350700599,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the program \u201cImplementation Doctorate\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DWD\/5\/0237\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DWD\/5\/0237\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study investigates the potential of using Vietnam fly ash (FA) as a substitute for traditional Portland cement to reduce both the volume of landfilled waste and the carbon footprint of concrete mixtures, while maintaining adequate mechanical performance of the produced elements. Additionally, the incorporation of construction and demolition waste, recycled brick aggregate (BR), as a partial aggregate substitute was investigated to enhance the sustainability and resource efficiency of composite formulations. Five mixes, including a reference, were produced by casting and three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP). Printability (flow table), water absorption (gravimetry and infrared thermography), and flexural\/compressive behavior were assessed; printed specimens were tested parallel and perpendicular to the layer plane. Recycled additions reduced flow by 15\u201322%, yet all mixes remained printable. Printed specimens showed higher capillary uptake than cast ones. In flexure, modified mixtures composition exhibited 50% lower peak stress than the reference. Cast elements outperformed printed ones: the printed reference was 33% weaker than its cast counterpart, and other mixes were 10\u201315% lower. In compression, printed specimens loaded perpendicular to layers reached 6\u20137 MPa (35% below cast), whereas parallel loading yielded up to 3.5 MPa with larger scatter. The findings confirm the feasibility of utilizing secondary raw materials in 3DCP formulations to support resource efficiency and carbon footprint reduction in the construction industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15213988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T13:19:29Z","timestamp":1762348769000},"page":"3988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Eco-Friendly Construction Materials for 3D Printing Using Fly Ash and Demolition Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Maroszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9444-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Rudziewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Syed Muzammil Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9289-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doan Hung","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Nha Trang University (NTU), 02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Hebda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2023.100667","article-title":"Opportunities for Cement Decarbonization","volume":"15","author":"Pisciotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clean. 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