{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T05:29:05Z","timestamp":1763011745445,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Higher Education Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for University Students","award":["202410298141Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202410298141Y"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52408269","52130210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408269","52130210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Concrete and Pre-stressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education","award":["CPCSME2024-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPCSME2024-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To elucidate the influence of the extrusion-based 3D printing of concrete on the tensile performance of polyethylene fibre-based engineered cementitious composites (PE-ECC), quantitative analyses of reinforcing filament alignment and pore morphology were carried out using backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). A micromechanics analytical model based on microstructural characteristics was further employed to predict the tensile response of additively manufactured PE-ECC. Due to the extrusion process, fibres in 3D-printed PE-ECC were predominantly oriented along the printing path, resulting in a smaller average inclination angle compared with the randomly distributed fibres in cast specimens. Internal pores exhibited elongated flattened ellipsoidal shapes, with more pronounced anisotropy in axial lengths across the three principal directions. Taking the major semi-axis of the equivalent ellipsoidal voids as a representative pore parameter, the analytical model accurately reproduced the cracking strength, stress-strain evolution, and crack pattern of the printed PE-ECC. This extrusion process enhanced multiple cracking capacity and strain-hardening performance by improving fibre orientation, strengthening interfacial bonding, and altering matrix fracture toughness. The integration of micromechanical modelling with experimentally measured microstructural parameters effectively revealed the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the enhanced tensile behaviour of 3D-printed PE-ECC and provides theoretical support for the optimized design of fibre-reinforced cementitious composites in 3D printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15224058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T10:56:27Z","timestamp":1762858587000},"page":"4058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting the Tensile Performance of 3D-Printed PE Fibre-Reinforced ECC Based on Micromechanics Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8354-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binrong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial College Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bridge Construction and Safe Operation & Maintenance, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Xuhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial College Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bridge Construction and Safe Operation & Maintenance, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9357-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinlong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296-024-00017-9","article-title":"A comprehensive review of sustainable materials and toolpath optimization in 3D concrete printing","volume":"2","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Mater. 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