{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:19:39Z","timestamp":1767611979330,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Building 4.0 Cooperative Research Centre Project #86: Sustainable 3D Printed Concrete for Bespoke Infrastructure, Everhard Industries Pty. Ltd. and Queensland University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of recycled materials and locally sourced alternative binders in 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has significant potential to reduce carbon emissions in concrete construction. This study examines the effect of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a byproducts from the sugarcane industry, as a sustainable binder in 3DCP. SCBA was oven-dried at 105 \u00b0C, sieved to 250 \u00b5m, and used to replace up to 25% of the total binder by weight in a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) blended system. The impact of polypropylene (PP) and steel (ST) microfibres on SCBA-based mixes was also investigated. The fresh properties of the mortar were evaluated using the flow table, Vicat needle, shape retention, buildability, and rheometer tests. The mortar was 3D printed using a small-scale robotic setup with a RAM extruder. Mechanical properties were then tested, including compressive and flexural strengths, and interlayer bonding, along with microstructure analysis. The results showed that increasing the SCBA content led to greater slump and improved flowability, as well as a slower rate of static yield stress development, with up to a 90 percent reduction compared to the control mix. The addition of PP fibres doubled the static yield stress in the mixes containing 20 percent SCBA. The 10 percent SCBA mix achieved the highest mechanical strength, both in compression and flexure, due to its denser microstructure and enhanced pozzolanic reaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings16010230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1767607428000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation on the Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon 3D Printed Concrete Incorporating Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Microfibers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4025-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. H. M. Javed Hossain","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Sustainable Engineered Construction Materials, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muge","family":"Belek Fialho Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction and Architectural Robotics Lab, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Building 4.0 CRC, Caulfield East, VIC 3145, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1095-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Fawzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Sustainable Engineered Construction Materials, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatheer","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Sustainable Engineered Construction Materials, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Eyni","family":"Kangavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Everhard Industries, 454 Newman Road, Geebung, QLD 4034, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8209-313X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Hafizah","family":"Ramli Sulong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Sustainable Engineered Construction Materials, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Building 4.0 CRC, Caulfield East, VIC 3145, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04025538","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEE7.MTENG-21151","article-title":"Influential Mechanism Analysis of Modified Absorbent Polymer in Roller-Compacted Cementitious Materials","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"404","article-title":"Simulation of low-heat Portland cement permeability and thermal conductivity using thermodynamics","volume":"178","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Transp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.105863","article-title":"A review of \u201c3D concrete printing\u201d: Materials and process characterization, economic considerations and environmental sustainability","volume":"66","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamage, K., Fawzia, S., Zahra, T., Teixeira, M.B.F., and Sulong, N.H.R. (2024). Advancement in Sustainable 3D Concrete Printing: A Review on Materials, Challenges, and Current Progress in Australia. Buildings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14020494"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.110833","article-title":"Hydration behavior and thermodynamic modelling of ferroaluminate cement blended with steel slag","volume":"97","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2024.100338","article-title":"Study on the properties of autoclaved aerated concrete with high content concrete slurry waste","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127685","article-title":"Effect of FA and GGBFS on compressive strength, rheology, and printing properties of cement-based 3D printing material","volume":"339","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109718","article-title":"Nano-fly ash and clay for 3D-Printing concrete buildings: A fundamental study of rheological, mechanical and microstructural properties","volume":"92","author":"Mohsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, K.-C., Chi, M., Yeih, W., and Huang, R. (2025). Influence of Slag\/Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement on Printability and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Concrete. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15073933"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-021-01660-7","article-title":"Influence of the printing direction and age on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete","volume":"54","author":"Zahabizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112841","article-title":"A comparative study on the effectiveness of fly ash and blast furnace slag as partial cement substitution in 3D printable concrete","volume":"108","author":"Kaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"832","article-title":"Study of 3D printed concrete with low-carbon cementitious materials based on its rheological properties and mechanical performances","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Cem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"114","article-title":"Development of sustainable 3D printing concrete materials: Impact of natural minerals and wastes at high replacement ratios","volume":"113","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhlaq, H., Peng, T., Ajmal, M.M., Khan, M.S., and Riaz, M. (2025). Impact of GGBS on the rheology and mechanical behavior of pumpable concrete. Front. Mater., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2025.1614951"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112406","article-title":"Rheological properties of high-performance concrete reinforced with microfibers and their effects on 3D printing process","volume":"105","author":"Zat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105250","article-title":"Pore structure, internal relative humidity, and fiber orientation of 3D printed concrete with polypropylene fiber and their relation with shrinkage","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140098","article-title":"Comparative analysis of polypropylene, basalt, and steel fibers in 3D printed concrete: Effects on flowability, printabiliy, rheology, and mechanical performance","volume":"465","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118785","article-title":"Steel fibres reinforced 3D printed concrete: Influence of fibre sizes on mechanical performance","volume":"250","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104310","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete for 3D printing","volume":"125","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2024, May 28). Sugarcane, Experimental Regional Estimates Using New Data Sources and Methods, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/industry\/agriculture\/sugarcane-experimental-regional-estimates-using-new-data-sources-and-methods\/latest-release."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102277","article-title":"Potential use of sugar cane bagasse ash as sand replacement for durable concrete","volume":"39","author":"Sadique","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.091","article-title":"Sugar cane bagasse ash from a high efficiency co-generation boiler: Applications in cement and mortar production","volume":"128","author":"Arif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.023","article-title":"Influence of sugar-cane bagasse ash and fly ash on the rheological behavior of cement pastes and mortars","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.004","article-title":"Performance evaluation of sugarcane bagasse ash blended cement in concrete","volume":"59","author":"Bahurudeen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118715","article-title":"Effect of high temperatures on self-compacting concrete with high levels of sugarcane bagasse ash and metakaolin","volume":"248","author":"Mello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125881","article-title":"Use of sugar cane bagasse ash in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) as cement replacement","volume":"317","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e00545","article-title":"Sustainable concrete: Potency of sugarcane bagasse ash as a cementitious material in the construction industry","volume":"14","author":"Quedou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e02839","article-title":"Assessing the influence of sugarcane bagasse ash for the production of eco-friendly concrete: Experimental and machine learning approaches","volume":"20","author":"Sobuz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120846","article-title":"Effect of processed sugar cane bagasse ash on mechanical and fracture properties of blended mortar","volume":"262","author":"Jagadesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125965","article-title":"Evaluation of rheological and durability characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash based binary and ternary cementitious system","volume":"317","author":"Jittin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105968","article-title":"Optimizing mechanical properties of concrete using sugarcane bagasse ash","volume":"27","author":"Sankeeth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-024-00718-4","article-title":"Effect of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Incorporated as Viscosity Modifying Agent on Fresh, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete","volume":"19","author":"Amjad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.04.016","article-title":"Rheological and Mechanical properties of mortars made with recycled sugarcane bagasse ash","volume":"36","author":"Cupim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120959","article-title":"Effects of adding sugarcane bagasse ash on the properties and durability of concrete","volume":"266","author":"Neto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesus, M., Teixeira, J., Alves, J.L., Pessoa, S., Guimar\u00e3es, A.S., and Rangel, B. (2023). Potential Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Ce-Mentitious Mortars for 3D Printing, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18130-6_7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04025065","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEE7.MTENG-18196","article-title":"Influence of Printing Direction and Interlayer Printing Time on the Bond Characteristics and Hardened Mechanical Properties of Agro-Industrial Waste\u2013Based 3D Printed Concrete","volume":"37","author":"Chourasia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.047","article-title":"Mechanical and durability properties of mortars prepared with untreated sugarcane bagasse ash and untreated fly ash","volume":"105","author":"Calvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.025","article-title":"Pozzolanic reaction of sugarcane bagasse ash and its role in controlling alkali silica reaction","volume":"148","author":"Kazmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.039","article-title":"Sugarcane bagasse ash sand (SBAS): Brazilian agroindustrial by-product for use in mortar","volume":"82","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135474","article-title":"Fresh and strength properties of 3D printable concrete mixtures utilising a high volume of sustainable alternative binders","volume":"419","author":"Colyn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2010). General Purpose and Blended Cements (Standard No. AS 3972)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2016). Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Part 1: Fly Ash (Standard No. AS 3582.1)."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2016). Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Part 2: Slag\u2014Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace (Standard No. AS 3582.2)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2016). Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Part 3: Amorphous Silica (Standard No. AS 3582.3)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100666","article-title":"Mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporating silica fume and a high volume of sugarcane bagasse ash","volume":"16","author":"Abdalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.002","article-title":"Influence of different processing methods on the pozzolanic performance of sugarcane bagasse ash","volume":"56","author":"Bahurudeen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.07.045","article-title":"Utilization of bagasse ash in high-strength concrete","volume":"34","author":"Rukzon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.060","article-title":"Characterization and use of an untreated Mexican sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary material for the preparation of ternary concretes","volume":"157","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrant, W.E., Babafemi, A.J., Kolawole, J.T., and Panda, B. (2022). Influence of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Silica Fume on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093018"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78567-w","article-title":"Influence of quartz powder and silica fume on the performance of Portland cement","volume":"10","author":"Tavares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121679","article-title":"Potential of sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material and comparison with currently used rice husk ash","volume":"273","author":"Jittin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.014","article-title":"3D printable concrete: Mixture design and test methods","volume":"97","author":"Rahul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Master Builders Solutions (2024, June 01). MasterFiber M 018 Monofilament Micro Polypropylene Fibre for Concrete. Available online: https:\/\/master-builders-solutions.com\/en-au\/products\/masterfiber\/masterfiber-m-018\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, G., Wu, R., He, M., Huang, X., and Wu, L. (2025). The Effect of Steel Fiber Content on the Workability and Mechanical Properties of Slag-Based\/Fly Ash-Based UHPC. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15132350"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1548069","article-title":"Ductility of 3D printed concrete reinforced with short straight steel fibers","volume":"14","author":"Bos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132229","article-title":"Inclusive characterization of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) in additive manufacturing: A detailed review","volume":"394","author":"Riaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104115","article-title":"Large-scale 3D printing concrete technology: Current status and future opportunities","volume":"122","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2020). Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar (Standard No. ASTM C1437-20)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2006). Admixtures for Concrete, Mortar and Grout\u2014Test Methods\u2014Part 2: Determination of Setting Time (Standard No. BS EN 480-2:2006)."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nematollahi, B., Vijay, P., Sanjayan, J., Nazari, A., Xia, M., Nerella, V.N., and Mechtcherine, V. (2018). Effect of Polypropylene Fibre Addition on Properties of Geopolymers Made by 3D Printing for Digital Construction. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122352"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104529","article-title":"Test methods for 3D printable concrete","volume":"142","author":"Kaliyavaradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120094","article-title":"Effect of printing parameters on interlayer bond strength of 3D printed limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials: An experimental and numerical study","volume":"262","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106386","article-title":"Investigation of interlayer adhesion of 3D printable cementitious material from the aspect of printing process","volume":"143","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106384","article-title":"Fiber orientation effects on ultra-high performance concrete formed by 3D printing","volume":"143","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2025). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens) (Standard No. ASTM C109\/C109M-23)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2016). Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading) (Standard No. ASTM C293\/C293M-16)."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.106968","article-title":"Printability region for 3D concrete printing using slump and slump flow test","volume":"174","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.153","article-title":"Microstructure, strength, and durability of eco-friendly concretes containing sugarcane bagasse ash","volume":"184","author":"Zareei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eahin, H.G., Mardani, A., and Beytekin, H.E. (2024). Effect of Silica Fume Utilization on Structural Build-Up, Mechanical and Dimensional Stability Performance of Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printable Concrete. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040556"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw, J., Balasubramanian, S., Si, W., Khan, M., and McNally, C. (2025). Towards Greener 3D Printing: A Performance Evaluation of Silica Fume-Modified Low-Carbon Concrete. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15213919"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012055","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1022\/1\/012055","article-title":"Initial properties of 3D printing concrete using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Cement Replacement","volume":"1022","author":"Samad","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2007.03.001","article-title":"Evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material","volume":"29","author":"Ganesan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119551","article-title":"Effectiveness of the rheometric methods to evaluate the build-up of cementitious mortars used for 3D printing","volume":"257","author":"Moeini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.05.014","article-title":"On the measurement of evolution of structural build-up of cement paste with time by static yield stress test vs. small amplitude oscillatory shear test","volume":"99","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0571-0","article-title":"Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques","volume":"49","author":"Perrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.05.025","article-title":"A thixotropy model for fresh fluid concretes: Theory, validation and applications","volume":"36","author":"Roussel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0313-8","article-title":"Prediction of lateral form pressure exerted by concrete at low casting rates","volume":"48","author":"Perrot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Taylor, H.F.W. (1997). Cement Chemistry, Emerald Publishing Limited. Hydrated Cement Paste."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.11.005","article-title":"The calcium silicate hydrates","volume":"38","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"PHewlett, C., and Liska, M. (2019). 5-Hydration, Setting and Hardening of Portland Cement. Lea\u2019s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Butterworth-Heinemann. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.05.025","article-title":"Advances in understanding hydration of Portland cement","volume":"78","author":"Scrivener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107290","article-title":"Extrusion and rheology characterization of geopolymer nanocomposites used in 3D printing","volume":"176","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Mehta, P.K., and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2014). Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, McGraw-Hill Professional. [4th ed.]. McGraw-Hill\u2019s Access Engineering."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.024","article-title":"Effect of fly ash fineness on microstructure of blended cement paste","volume":"21","author":"Chindaprasirt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121625","article-title":"Partial cement replacement by different sugar cane bagasse ashes: Hydration-related properties, compressive strength and autogenous shrinkage","volume":"272","author":"Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1515\/secm-2012-0014","article-title":"Effects of sugar cane bagasse ash as a cement replacement on properties of mortars","volume":"19","author":"Chi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2023.111188","article-title":"The synergistic effect of greenhouse gas CO2 and silica fume on the properties of 3D printed mortar","volume":"271","author":"Lucen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.115","article-title":"Fresh properties of a novel 3D printing concrete ink","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105047","article-title":"Using Fibre recovered from face mask waste to improve printability in 3D concrete printing","volume":"139","author":"Rajeev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105169","article-title":"3D printing of cementitious mortar with milled recycled carbon fibres: Influences of filament offset on mechanical properties","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Althoey, F., Alotaibi, B.S., Gamil, Y., and Iftikhar, B. (2023). An overview of recent advancements in fibre-reinforced 3D printing concrete. Front. Mater., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2023.1289340"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopkins, B., Si, W., Khan, M., and McNally, C. (2025). Recent Advancements in Polypropylene Fibre-Reinforced 3D-Printed Concrete: Insights into Mix Ratios, Testing Procedures, and Material Behaviour. J. Compos. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9060292"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3151\/jact.19.1264","article-title":"The Influence of Polypropylene Fiber on the Working Performance and Mechanical Anisotropy of 3D Printing Concrete","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landa-Ruiz, L., Landa-G\u00f3mez, A., Mendoza-Rangel, J.M., Landa-S\u00e1nchez, A., Ariza-Figueroa, H., M\u00e9ndez-Ram\u00edrez, C.T., Santiago-Hurtado, G., Moreno-Landeros, V.M., Croche, R., and Baltazar-Zamora, M.A. (2021). Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Ecofriendly Ternary Concrete Made with Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash and Silica Fume. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11091012"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.7.569","article-title":"Compressive strength and microstructure of sugar cane bagasse ash concrete","volume":"7","author":"Hussein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.101764","article-title":"Strength, durability, and microstructure properties of concrete containing bagasse ash\u2014A review of 15 years of perspectives, progress and future insights","volume":"21","author":"Abdalla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104854","article-title":"Rheological characterization of ultra-high performance concrete for 3D printing","volume":"136","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.115","article-title":"Rheological behaviors and structure build-up of 3D printed polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced calcium sulphoaluminate cement composites","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.02.017","article-title":"Hardened properties of 3D printed concrete: The influence of process parameters on interlayer adhesion","volume":"119","author":"Wolfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.061","article-title":"Rheological and harden properties of the high-thixotropy 3D printing concrete","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Buildings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/16\/1\/230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:24:00Z","timestamp":1767608640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-5309\/16\/1\/230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["buildings16010230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings16010230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-5309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-5309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}