{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T07:54:32Z","timestamp":1768118072305,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review maps and compares experimental strategies for estimating residual expansion in concrete elements affected by internal expansive reactions (IER), with emphasis on cores extracted from in-service structures. It adopts an operational taxonomy distinguishing achieved expansion (deformation already occurred, inferred through DRI\/SDT or back-analysis), potential expansion (upper limit under free conditions), and residual expansion (remaining portion estimated under controlled temperature, T, and relative humidity, RH), in addition to the free vs. restrained condition and the diagnostic vs. prognostic purpose. Seventy-eight papers were included (PRISMA), of which 14 tested cores. The limited number of core-based studies is itself a key outcome of the review, revealing that most residual expansion assessments rely on adaptations of laboratory ASR\/DEF protocols rather than on standardized methods specifically developed for concrete cores extracted from in-service structures. ASR predominated, with emphasis on accelerated free tests ASTM\/CSA\/CPT (often at 38 \u00b0C and high RH) for reactivity characterization, and on Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es (LCPC) No. 44 and No. 67 protocols or Concrete Prism Test (CPT) adaptations to estimate residual expansion in cores. Significant heterogeneity was observed in temperature, humidity, test media, specimen dimensions, and alkali leaching treatment, as well as discrepancies between free and restrained conditions, limiting comparability and lab-to-field transferability. A minimum reporting checklist is proposed (type of IER; element history; restraint condition; T\/RH\/medium; anti-leaching strategy; schedule; instrumentation; uncertainty; decision criteria; raw data) and priority gaps are highlighted: standardization of core protocols, leaching control, greater use of simulated restraint, and integration of DRI\/SDT\u2013expansion curves to anchor risk estimates and guide rehabilitation decisions in real structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings16020282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1767959133000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strategies for Determining Residual Expansion in Concrete Cores: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria E. S.","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4471-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando A. N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eudes A.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio C.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Institute Federal of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-545, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P. Q.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-BPG, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cement.2025.100133","article-title":"Assessing the reliability of laboratory test procedures for predicting concrete field performance against alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR)","volume":"19","author":"Bergmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.143859","article-title":"Mitigating heavy metal leaching and ASR expansion in copper heap leach residue concrete using cement and cement-fly ash-silica fume blends: Experimental and microstructural insights","volume":"497","author":"Khair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. 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