{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:59:21Z","timestamp":1778569161648,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFF0500804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0500804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread application of concrete with specific functions has become indispensable in modern technology. However, the persistent issue of electromagnetic pollution poses a serious hazard to human health, electronic equipment, and military operations. Although various conventional electromagnetic absorbing materials have been incorporated, the achievable EMW-absorption performance is still restricted, with only a narrow effective absorption bandwidth. This study investigates the application of advanced 3D-printing technology to produce concrete with enhanced EMW-absorption properties with the incorporation of SAP (super-absorbent polymers). To achieve this, concrete samples with three SAP occupying the concrete volumes (0 vol.%, 20 vol.%, and 40 vol.%) and three methods (pretreatment-addition) were examined to provide an in-depth analysis of the properties and microstructures. The study reveals superior electromagnetic absorption in concrete enhanced with SAP compared to the untreated counterpart. Specifically, samples subjected to 40 vol.% Dry Treatment SAP exhibited exceptional performance, achieving 98.77% absorption at 7.53 GHz frequency with a peak reflectance of \u221219.12 dB, outperforming unmodified absorbing resin concrete by 25.44%. Moreover, microscopic analysis revealed irregular void distribution within the concrete, while the 3D-printing and -mixing processes led to SAP particle fractures, forming a complex 3D structure, thereby enhancing EMW-absorption performance. Ultimately, by selecting appropriate SAP pre-treatment and mixing methods based on the specific frequency range, this study provides crucial references and practical guidance for the application of EMW-absorbing concrete in military and technological contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings16020300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:20:37Z","timestamp":1768206037000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancing Electromagnetic Wave Absorption in 3D-Printed Concrete with Superabsorbent Polymers for High Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Testing & Certification International Group Shanghai Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianda","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0049-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Built Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University Library, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuxiang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-021-00370-6","article-title":"Dual-band 3D electrically small antenna based on split ring resonators","volume":"5","author":"Taishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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