{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:53:05Z","timestamp":1769208785042,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation","award":["BPIN 2020000100625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPIN 2020000100625"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the development and optimisation of a standardised rheological test method based on rotational rheometry for the characterisation of cementitious mixtures designed for 3D printing. Tests were performed using a Discovery HR-20 rotational rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a concentric-cylinder cup-and-paddle geometry. A high-early-strength Portland cement (ASTM C1157 Type HE) with a constant water-to-cement ratio (w\/c) of 0.35 was employed. The methodological framework comprised five sequential stages: (i) assessment of the pre-conditioning effect; (ii) standardisation of the static shear test; (iii) optimisation of pre-conditioning parameters; (iv) standardisation of the dynamic shear test; and (v) evaluation of the influence of sample volume. Optimal conditions were determined as follows: for pre-conditioning, a shear rate of 50 s\u22121, holding time (Ht) of 30 s, and rest period of 180 s; for the static shear test, a shear rate range of 0.05\u20130.10 s\u22121 with a Ht of 60 s; for the dynamic shear test, a 30 s ramp up\/down, maximum shear rate of 100 s\u22121, and Ht of 90 s. An optimal sample volume ranging between 150 and 175 mL was established. The proposed method represents a robust and reproducible experimental protocol for evaluating, comparing, and optimising the rheological behaviour of cementitious mixtures using rotational rheometry, providing a reliable tool for the formulation of mixtures tailored to additive manufacturing or 3D printing processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings16020458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1769193356000},"page":"458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Optimisation of a Standardised Rheological Method for 3D Printing Cementitious Mixtures Using Rotational Rheometry: An Experimental and Statistical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9071-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Benavides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials Group (CENM), School of Materials Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Robayo-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials Group (CENM), School of Materials Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisol","family":"Gordillo-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling and Simulation Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5404-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruby","family":"Mej\u00eda de Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials Group (CENM), School of Materials Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106070","article-title":"3-D Printing of Concrete: Beyond Horizons","volume":"133","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. 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