{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T04:33:33Z","timestamp":1770093213795,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52478187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52478187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Buildings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As 3D printing emerges as a transformative technology in construction, the structural performance of 3D-printed mortar (3DPM) has become a key research focus. This study conducted shear tests on reinforced specimens combining 3D-printed mortar (3DPM) and normal mortar (NM). Four different shapes of interfacial locking design (I-shaped, K-shaped, C-shaped, S-shaped) were examined, comparing reinforced (CR) and non-reinforced (NR) specimens. The investigation analyzed failure modes, crack propagation patterns, and shear transfer mechanisms at CR series specimens under direct shear loading. CR-S specimens exhibited a shear peak load value 14.0% higher than CR-K specimens, 33.2% higher than CR-C specimens, and 42.9% higher than CR-I specimens. CR-I specimens exhibited pure adhesive failure. CR-K, CR-C, and CR-S specimens showed composite failure patterns combining adhesive and shear failure mechanisms. Strain analysis revealed the maximum horizontal strain \u03b5xx across all specimen shapes. CR-C and CR-S specimens recorded strain values exceeding CR-I and CR-K specimens by over 50%. Reinforcement produced pronounced increases in ultimate bearing capacity for I-shaped and C-shaped specimens, achieving gains of 51.9% and 60.4%, respectively. Reinforcement substantially enhanced energy dissipation capacity. Compared with NR series specimens, the performance improvements ranked as follows: CR-C (+164.67%) &gt; CR-S (+70.70%) &gt; CR-I (+52.05%) &gt; CR-K (+9.42%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings16030626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T16:12:37Z","timestamp":1770048757000},"page":"626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shear Performance of Reinforced 3DPM-NM Specimens with Different Interface Locking Designs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}]},{"given":"Yijing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1650-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}]},{"given":"Amardeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autom. 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