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In this work, acetic acid (AA) production from syngas (CO, CO2, and H2) fermentation is explored and compared against a thermochemical fossil benchmark and other thermochemical\/biological processes across four main Key Performance Indicators (KPI)\u2014electricity use, heat use, water consumption, and carbon footprint (CF)\u2014for the years 2023 and 2050 in Portugal and France. CF was evaluated through transparent and public inventories for all the processes involved in chemical production and utilities. Spreadsheet-traceable matrices for hotspot identification were also developed. The fossil benchmark, with all the necessary cascade processes, was 0.64 kg CO2-eq\/kg AA, 1.53 kWh\/kg AA, 22.02 MJ\/kg AA, and 1.62 L water\/kg AA for the Portuguese 2023 energy mix, with a reduction of 162% of the CO2-eq in the 2050 energy transition context. The results demonstrated that industrial practices would benefit greatly from the transition from fossil to renewable energy and from more sustainable chemical sources. For carbon-intensive sectors like steel or cement, the acetogenic syngas fermentation appears as a scalable bridge technology, converting the flue gas waste stream into marketable products and accelerating the transition towards a circular economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/c11030054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1753267757000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Industrial Off-Gas Fermentation for Acetic Acid Production: A Carbon Footprint Assessment in the Context of Energy Transition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Brac de la Perri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Process Engineering, Toulouse INP-ENSIACET Graduate Engineering School, 31030 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.02.022","article-title":"Antibacterial Action of Acetic Acid Soluble Material Isolated from Mucor rouxii and Its Application onto Textile","volume":"48","author":"Moussa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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