{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:42:20Z","timestamp":1778078540985,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The French Cancer League","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"The Russian Foundation for Basic Research","award":["18-29-08040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-29-08040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatic mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter regions are frequent events in urothelial cancer (UC) and their detection in urine (supernatant cell-free DNA or DNA from exfoliated cells) could serve as putative non-invasive biomarkers for UC detection and monitoring. However, detecting these tumor-borne mutations in urine requires highly sensitive methods, capable of measuring low-level mutations. In this study, we developed sensitive droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays for detecting TERT promoter mutations (C228T, C228A, CC242-243TT, and C250T). We tested the C228T and C250T ddPCR assays on all samples with sufficient quantity of urinary DNA (urine supernatant cell-free DNA (US cfDNA) or urine pellet cellular DNA (UP cellDNA)) from the DIAGURO (n = 89\/93 cases and n = 92\/94 controls) and from the IPO-PORTO (n = 49\/50 cases and n = 50\/50 controls) series that were previously screened with the UroMuTERT assay and compared the performance of the two approaches. In the DIAGURO series, the sensitivity and specificity of the ddPCR assays for detecting UC using either US cfDNA or UP cellDNA were 86.8% and 92.4%. The sensitivity was slightly higher than that of the UroMuTERT assay in the IPO-PORTO series (67.4% vs. 65.3%, respectively), but not in the DIAGURO series (86.8% vs. 90.7%). The specificity was 100% in the IPO-PORTO controls for both the UroMuTERT and ddPCR assays, whereas in the DIAGURO series, the specificity dropped for ddPCR (92.4% versus 95.6%). Overall, an almost perfect agreement between the two methods was observed for both US cfDNA (n = 164; kappa coefficient of 0.91) and UP cellDNA (n = 280; kappa coefficient of 0.94). In a large independent series of serial urine samples from DIAGURO follow-up BC cases (n = 394), the agreement between ddPCR and UroMuTERT was (i) strong (kappa coefficient of 0.87), regardless of urine DNA types (kappa coefficient 0.89 for US cfDNA and 0.85 for UP cellDNA), (ii) the highest for samples with mutant allelic fractions (MAFs) &gt; 2% (kappa coefficient of 0.99) and (iii) only minimal for the samples with the lowest MAFs (&lt; 0.5%; kappa coefficient 0.32). Altogether, our results indicate that the two methods (ddPCR and UroMuTERT) for detecting urinary TERT promoter mutations are comparable and that the discrepancies relate to the detection of low-allelic fraction mutations. The simplicity of the ddPCR assays makes them suitable for implementation in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T09:16:49Z","timestamp":1606468609000},"page":"3541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Development of Sensitive Droplet Digital PCR Assays for Detecting Urinary TERT Promoter Mutations as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Detection of Urothelial Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0862-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Ismail","family":"Hosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Forey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Geoffroy","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Voegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Selin","family":"Bilici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Patrice Hodonou","family":"Avogbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany Myriam","family":"Delhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9006-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu","family":"Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Manel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Creusot Hospital, 71200 Le Creusot, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5662-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Vian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Protestant Clinic of Lyon, 69300 Caluire-et-Cuire, France"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Meziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Berengere","family":"De Tilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Protestant Clinic of Lyon, 69300 Caluire-et-Cuire, France"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Protestant Clinic of Lyon, 69300 Caluire-et-Cuire, France"}]},{"given":"Olesia","family":"Lole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Francois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Boureille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Pisarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei R. O. S. E.","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2193-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Monteiro-Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Research Center (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Henrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Research Center (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Byrnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Jeronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Research Center (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ghislaine","family":"Scelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 8-10124 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence Le","family":"Calvez-Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Zvereva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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