{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:37:38Z","timestamp":1773797858580,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasion and metastasis correspond to the foremost cause of cancer-related death, and the molecular networks behind these two processes are extremely complex and dependent on the intra- and extracellular conditions along with the prime of the premetastatic niche. Currently, several studies suggest an association between the levels of HOX genes expression and cancer cell invasion and metastasis, which favour the formation of novel tumour masses. The deregulation of HOX genes by HMGA2\/TET1 signalling and the regulatory effect of noncoding RNAs generated by the HOX loci can also promote invasion and metastasis, interfering with the expression of HOX genes or other genes relevant to these processes. In this review, we present five molecular mechanisms of HOX deregulation by which the HOX clusters products may affect invasion and metastatic processes in solid tumours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T12:42:28Z","timestamp":1608640948000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Roles of the HOX Proteins in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0362-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Pa\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BLC3\u2014Biomassa Lenho-Celul\u00f3sica de 3\u00aa Gera\u00e7\u00e3o, Campus of Technology and Innovation, 3405-169 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Aparecida de Bessa Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3S\u2014Institute for Innovation &amp; Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Leit\u00e3o Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3S\u2014Institute for Innovation &amp; Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4764-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Costa-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3S\u2014Institute for Innovation &amp; Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3S\u2014Institute for Innovation &amp; Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2474","article-title":"Are 90% of deaths from cancer caused by metastases?","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17038","article-title":"Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells","volume":"529","author":"Obenauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-17-0492","article-title":"Foxo-dependent Par-4 Upregulation Prevents Long-term Survival of Residual Cells Following PI3K-Akt Inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Damrauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. 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