{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:49:05Z","timestamp":1769456945206,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.07675.BD."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07675.BD."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"FAPEMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IECT C\u00c2NCER 05 796\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IECT C\u00c2NCER 05 796\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto","award":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2017"]}]},{"name":"Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto","award":["PI127-CI-IPOP-118-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI127-CI-IPOP-118-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy that occurs most frequently in developing countries. Two pathways for penile carcinogenesis are currently recognized: one driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and another HPV-independent route, associated with chronic inflammation. Progress on the clinical management of this disease has been slow, partly due to the lack of preclinical models for translational research. However, exciting recent developments are changing this landscape, with new in vitro and in vivo models becoming available. These include mouse models for HPV+ and HPV\u2212 penile cancer and multiple cell lines representing HPV\u2212 lesions. The present review addresses these new advances, summarizing available models, comparing their characteristics and potential uses and discussing areas that require further improvement. Recent breakthroughs achieved using these models are also discussed, particularly those developments pertaining to HPV-driven cancer. Two key aspects that still require improvement are the establishment of cell lines that can represent HPV+ penile carcinomas and the development of mouse models to study metastatic disease. Overall, the growing array of in vitro and in vivo models for penile cancer provides new and useful tools for researchers in the field and is expected to accelerate pre-clinical research on this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Experimental Models for Studying HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Penile Cancer: New Tools for An Old Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Medeiros-Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cubilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda e Investigaci\u00f3n and Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"}]},{"given":"Haissa","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maranh\u00e3o Tumour and DNA Biobank (BTMA), Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Virology Service, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biomedicine Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2151-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui M.","family":"Gil da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Maranh\u00e3o Tumour and DNA Biobank (BTMA), Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.05.19","article-title":"Updates on the epidemiology and risk factors for penile cancer","volume":"6","author":"Douglawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. 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