{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:26:40Z","timestamp":1764084400747,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MEC-HEM\/30315\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MEC-HEM\/30315\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014069","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Champalimaud","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Internal Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the improvement of patient\u2019s outcome obtained by the current use of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors or anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease. More recently, the testing in clinical trials of novel drugs such as anti-BCMA CAR-T cells, antibody\u2013drug conjugates or bispecific antibodies broadened the possibility of improving patients\u2019 survival. However, thus far, these treatment strategies have not been able to steadily eliminate all malignant cells, and the aim has been to induce a long-term complete response with minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative status. In this sense, approaches that target not only myeloma cells but also the surrounding microenvironment are promising strategies to achieve a sustained MRD negativity with prolonged survival. This review provides an overview of current and future strategies used for immunomodulation of MM focusing on the impact on bone marrow (BM) immunome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T04:46:53Z","timestamp":1615438013000},"page":"1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Boosting Immunity against Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Velosa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8956-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Hemato-Oncology Department, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Barahona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie Arnault","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3978-766X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Jo\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Hemato-Oncology Department, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06705.x","article-title":"Immunodeficiency and immunotherapy in multiple myeloma","volume":"138","author":"Pratt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. 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