{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:27:48Z","timestamp":1776896868411,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Research and Development from the Innovative Economy Operational Programme founds","award":["INNOMED\/I\/11\/NCBR\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNOMED\/I\/11\/NCBR\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biopharmaceutical characterization tools play a key role in the assessment of nanopharmaceuticals\u2019 potential imaging analysis and for site-specific delivery of anti-cancers to neoplastic cells\/tissues. If diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches are combined in one single nanoparticle, a new platform called nanotheragnostics is generated. Several analytical technologies allow us to characterize nanopharmaceuticals and nanoparticles and their properties so that they can be properly used in cancer therapy. This paper describes the role of multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment, describing how nanotheragnostics can be useful in modern chemotherapy, and finally, the challenges associated with the commercialization of nanoparticles for cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1618488660000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cancer Nanopharmaceuticals: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro\/In Vivo Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy\u0144ska 32, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Echnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Szalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy\u0144ska 32, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3930-8489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Gorczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Karczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9306-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women &amp; Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Biotechnological Postgraduate Program, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNMed), University of Tiradentes (Unit), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil"},{"name":"Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Cabeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESS-FP, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Delfim Maia 334, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-ENAS-Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Echnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2013Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"S\u0142omski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy\u0144ska 32, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05108","article-title":"Nanotechnology Strategies To Advance Outcomes in Clinical Cancer Care","volume":"12","author":"Hartshorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.02.010","article-title":"Nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer","volume":"198","author":"Cryer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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