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Its incidence is highest in people of European descent and the ageing population. There are multiple clinical and epidemiological variables affecting melanoma incidence and mortality, such as sex, ethnicity, UV exposure, anatomic site, and age. Although survival has improved in recent years due to advances in targeted and immunotherapies, new understanding of melanoma biology and disease progression is vital to improving clinical outcomes. Efforts to develop three-dimensional human skin equivalent models using biofabrication techniques, such as bioprinting, promise to deliver a better understanding of the complexity of melanoma and associated risk factors. These 3D skin models can be used as a platform for patient specific models and testing therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"3535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["3D Bioprinting: An Enabling Technology to Understand Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cian","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Amaya","family":"Vir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"B\u00e1rtolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.03.040","article-title":"3D cell printing of in vitro stabilized skin model and in vivo pre-vascularized skin patch using tissue-specific extracellular matrix bioink: A step towards advanced skin tissue engineering","volume":"168","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103120","article-title":"Nanocomposite hydrogels for melanoma skin cancer care and treatment: In-vitro drug delivery, drug release kinetics and anti-cancer activities","volume":"14","author":"Nazir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. 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