{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:24:19Z","timestamp":1776896659727,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00645\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00645\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/05377\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/05377\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head and neck cancer (HNC), also known as the cancer that can affect the structures between the dura mater and the pleura, is the 6th most common type of cancer. This heterogeneous group of malignancies is usually treated with a combination of surgery and radio- and chemotherapy, depending on if the disease is localized or at an advanced stage. However, most HNC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in the death of half of these patients. Thus, the prognosis of advanced or recurrent\/metastatic HNC, especially HNC squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is notably poorer than the prognosis of patients diagnosed with localized HNC. This review explores the epidemiology and etiologic factors of HNC, the histopathology of this heterogeneous cancer, and the diagnosis methods and treatment approaches currently available. Moreover, special interest is given to the novel therapies used to treat HNC subtypes with worse prognosis, exploring immunotherapies and targeted\/multi-targeted drugs undergoing clinical trials, as well as light-based therapies (i.e., photodynamic and photothermal therapies).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14246079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:05:22Z","timestamp":1670817922000},"page":"6079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Current Insights and Progress in the Clinical Management of Head and Neck Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Neves","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fa\u00edsca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Veterin\u00e1rio, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias\/DNAtech, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Alexandre","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Pinto","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.23962","article-title":"The Pesticides Use and the Risk for Head and Neck Cancer: A Review of Case-Control Studies","volume":"26","author":"Leonel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. 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