{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:42:23Z","timestamp":1764175343609,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FB-CBEG-CI-IPOP-27-2016"},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte"},{"name":"European Regional Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is among the 15 most common cancers worldwide, with rising incidence. In most cases, this is a silent disease until it reaches advance stages, demanding new effective biomarkers in all domains, from detection to post-therapy monitoring. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have the potential to provide minimally invasive information to guide assessment of the disease\u2019s aggressiveness and therapeutic strategy, representing a special pool of neoplastic cells which bear metastatic potential. In some tumor models, CTCs\u2019 enumeration has been associated with prognosis, but there is a largely unexplored potential for clinical applicability encompassing screening, diagnosis, early detection of metastases, prognosis, response to therapy and monitoring. Nonetheless, lack of standardization and high cost hinder the translation into clinical practice. Thus, new methods for collection and analysis (genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic and metabolomic) are needed to ascertain the role of CTC as a RCC biomarker. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the most recently published data on the role and clinical potential of CTCs in RCC, addressing their biology and the molecular characterization of this remarkable set of tumor cells. Furthermore, we highlight the existing and emerging techniques for CTC enrichment and detection, exploring clinical applications in RCC. Notwithstanding the notable progress in recent years, the use of CTCs in a routine clinical scenario of RCC patients requires further research and technological development, enabling multimodal analysis to take advantage of the wealth of information they provide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Circulating Tumor Cells as Biomarkers for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Ready for Prime Time?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anabela","family":"Couto-Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Master in Medicine, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Jer\u00f3nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology & Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group\u2014Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre Raquel Seruca (P.CCC Raquel Seruca), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Henrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology & Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group\u2014Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre Raquel Seruca (P.CCC Raquel Seruca), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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