{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T03:12:28Z","timestamp":1776741148082,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this first analysis, samples from 23 BC survivors (group 1) and 291 healthy female controls (group 2) were characterised through the V3 and V4 regions that encode the \u201c16S rRNA\u201d gene of each bacteria. The samples were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS), and the taxonomy was identified by resorting to Kraken2 and improved with Bracken, using a curated database called \u2018GutHealth_DB\u2019. The \u03b1 and \u03b2-diversity analyses were used to determine the richness and evenness of the gut microbiota. A non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was applied to assess differential abundance between both groups. The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes (F\/B) ratio was calculated using a Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared test. The \u03b1-diversity was significantly higher in group 1 (p = 0.28 \u00d7 10\u221212 for the Chao index and p = 1.64 \u00d7 10\u221212 for the ACE index). The Shannon index, a marker of richness and evenness, was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.72). The microbiota composition was different between the two groups: a null hypothesis was rejected for PERMANOVA (p = 9.99 \u00d7 10\u22125) and Anosim (p = 0.04) and was not rejected for \u03b2-dispersion (p = 0.158), using Unifrac weighted distance. The relative abundance of 14 phyla, 29 classes, 25 orders, 64 families, 116 genera, and 74 species differed significantly between both groups. The F\/B ratio was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2, p &lt; 0.001. Our study allowed us to observe significant taxonomic disparities in the two groups by testing the differences between BC survivors and healthy controls. Additional studies are needed to clarify the involved mechanisms and explore the relationship between microbiota and BC survivorship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T05:06:14Z","timestamp":1674104774000},"page":"594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Breast Cancer Survivors and Healthy Women: Could Gut Microbiota Make a Difference?\u2014\u201cBiotaCancerSurvivors\u201d: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Telma","family":"Cale\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Centre Germano de Sousa, 1600-513 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital do Esp\u00edrito Santo de \u00c9vora, 7000-811 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1214-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Sampaio-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PTSurg\u2013Portuguese Surgical Research Collaborative, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Duarte","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6780-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Negreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital CUF, Breast Cancer Unit, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5165-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NOVA Medical School, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology Services Research, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Alpuim","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital CUF, Breast Cancer Unit, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de Cascais Dr. Jos\u00e9 de Almeida, 2755-009 Cascais, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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