{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T15:17:02Z","timestamp":1777303022773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novocure Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer all present with high morbidity and mortality. Systemic chemotherapies have historically been the cornerstone of standard of care (SOC) regimens for many cancers, but are associated with systemic toxicity. Multimodal treatment combinations can help improve patient outcomes; however, implementation is limited by additive toxicities and potential drug\u2013drug interactions. As such, there is a high unmet need to develop additional therapies to enhance the efficacy of SOC treatments without increasing toxicity. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are electric fields that exert physical forces to disrupt cellular processes critical for cancer cell viability and tumor progression. The therapy is locoregional and is delivered noninvasively to the tumor site via a portable medical device that consists of field generator and arrays that are placed on the patient\u2019s skin. As a noninvasive treatment modality, TTFields therapy-related adverse events mainly consist of localized skin reactions, which are manageable with effective acute and prophylactic treatments. TTFields selectively target cancer cells through a multi-mechanistic approach without affecting healthy cells and tissues. Therefore, the application of TTFields therapy concomitant with other cancer treatments may lead to enhanced efficacy, with low risk of further systemic toxicity. In this review, we explore TTFields therapy concomitant with taxanes in both preclinical and clinical settings. The summarized data suggest that TTFields therapy concomitant with taxanes may be beneficial in the treatment of certain cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1674183141000},"page":"636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Therapy Concomitant with Taxanes for Cancer Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignace","family":"Vergote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, European Union, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Macarulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n University Hospital, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud Barcelona, IOB Quiron, Pla\u00e7a d\u2019Alfonso Com\u00edn, 5, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fred R.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1128, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9759-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Hagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of W\u00fcrzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Scott","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, August 16). Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Luo, G., Li, M., Guo, P., Xiao, Y., Ji, H., and Hao, Y. (2019). Global patterns and trends in ovarian cancer incidence: Age, period and birth cohort analysis. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6139-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2017.03.01","article-title":"Current state of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Malhotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Lung. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761042","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.761042","article-title":"\u201cHow Long Have I Got?\u201d in Stage IV NSCLC Patients With at Least 3 Months Up to 10 Years Survival, Accuracy of Long-, Intermediate-, and Short-Term Survival Prediction Is Not Good Enough to Answer This Question","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02528","article-title":"Management of Stage III Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer: ASCO Guideline","volume":"40","author":"Daly","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv192","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy275","article-title":"Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Planchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202170","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Lung Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Forde","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2022, November 16). For Early-Stage Lung Cancer, Nivolumab and Chemo before Surgery Proves Effective, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/news-events\/cancer-currents-blog\/2022\/nivolumab-chemotherapy-neoadjuvant-lung-cancer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2012.02306.x","article-title":"Validating the impact of a molecular subtype in ovarian cancer on outcomes: A study of the OVCAD Consortium","volume":"103","author":"Pils","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance (2022, August 16). Stages of Ovarian Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/ocrahope.org\/patients\/about-ovarian-cancer\/staging\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"European Society for Medical Oncology (2022, August 16). ESMO Ovarian Cancer Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.esmo.org\/content\/download\/10097\/201883\/1\/EN-Ovarian-Cancer-Guide-for-Patients.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00139-5","article-title":"Clinical research in ovarian cancer: Consensus recommendations from the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup","volume":"23","author":"Vergote","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Society for Medical Oncology (2022, September 06). eUpdate\u2013Cancer of the Pancreas Treatment Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/www.esmo.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-by-topic\/gastrointestinal-cancers\/pancreatic-cancer\/eupdate-cancer-of-the-pancreas-treatment-recommendations."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01364","article-title":"Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update","volume":"38","author":"Sohal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Current treatment landscape and emerging therapies for pancreatic cancer","volume":"25","author":"Adel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.148","article-title":"Challenges of drug resistance in the management of pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Sheikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.566216","article-title":"Overcoming drug resistance in pancreatic cancer","volume":"15","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38022","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16723","article-title":"Combination therapy in combating cancer","volume":"8","author":"Homayouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0083","article-title":"Disruption of cancer cell replication by alternating electric fields","volume":"64","author":"Kirson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1117","article-title":"Tumor-Treating Fields: A Fourth Modality in Cancer Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Mun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voloshin, T., Schneiderman, R.S., Volodin, A., Shamir, R.R., Kaynan, N., Zeevi, E., Koren, L., Klein-Goldberg, A., Paz, R., and Giladi, M. (2020). Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) hinder cancer cell motility through regulation of microtubule and actin dynamics. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12103016"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1837984","article-title":"An overview of potential novel mechanisms of action underlying Tumor Treating Fields-induced cancer cell death and their clinical implications","volume":"97","author":"Karanam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"6892","article-title":"Modeling Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) application in single cells during metaphase and telophase","volume":"2015","author":"Wenger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702916104","article-title":"Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors","volume":"104","author":"Kirson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30406","article-title":"Alternating electric fields (TTFields) in combination with paclitaxel are therapeutically effective against ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"139","author":"Voloshin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2013.11.009","article-title":"Mitotic disruption and reduced clonogenicity of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by tumor treating fields","volume":"14","author":"Giladi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.09.006","article-title":"Alternating electric fields (tumor-treating fields therapy) can improve chemotherapy treatment efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Giladi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trainito, C.I., Sweeney, D.C., Cemazar, J., Schmelz, E.M., Francais, O., Le Pioufle, B., and Davalos, R.V. (2019). Characterization of sequentially-staged cancer cells using electrorotation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222289"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04033-4","article-title":"The safety profile of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy in glioblastoma patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts","volume":"158","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25979","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2830883","article-title":"Electrical characterization of normal and cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Novocure (2022, November 09). Optune\u00ae: Instructions for Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.optune.com\/Content\/pdfs\/Optune_IFU_8.5x11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Novocure (2022, June 20). NovoTTF\u2122-100L System: Instructions for Use for Unresectable Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf18\/H180002D.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01136-5","article-title":"Tumour treating fields therapy for glioblastoma: Current advances and future directions","volume":"124","author":"Rominiyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.5082","article-title":"Influence of treatment with Tumor-Treating Fields on health-related quality of life of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Taphoorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1179554918825449","article-title":"Tumor Treating Fields for Glioblastoma Treatment: Patient Satisfaction and Compliance With the Second-Generation Optune\u00ae System","volume":"13","author":"Kinzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.04.011","article-title":"NovoTTF-100A versus physician\u2019s choice chemotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma: A randomised phase III trial of a novel treatment modality","volume":"48","author":"Stupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03540-6","article-title":"Global post-marketing safety surveillance of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) in patients with high-grade glioma in clinical practice","volume":"148","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18718","article-title":"Effect of Tumor-Treating Fields plus maintenance temozolomide vs maintenance temozolomide alone on survival in patients with glioblastoma: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"318","author":"Stupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT201","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2019-CT201","article-title":"Final results of Phase II STELLAR trial: TTFields with chemotherapy in unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"79","author":"Ceresoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8551","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8551","article-title":"Radiological response patterns in the phase 2 STELLAR trial of TTFields with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)","volume":"37","author":"Grosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2018.10.004","article-title":"Tumor treating fields in combination with gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer: Results of the PANOVA phase 2 study","volume":"19","author":"Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15790","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.e15790","article-title":"PANOVA: A phase II study of TTFields (150 kHz) concomitant with standard chemotherapy for front-line therapy of advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma\u2014Updated efficacy results","volume":"35","author":"Benavides","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2013.06.025","article-title":"A phase I\/II trial of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) therapy in combination with pemetrexed for advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"81","author":"Pless","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.07.018","article-title":"Tumor Treating Fields in combination with paclitaxel in recurrent ovarian carcinoma: Results of the INNOVATE pilot study","volume":"150","author":"Vergote","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18046","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18046","article-title":"Mitotic spindle disruption by alternating electric fields leads to improper chromosome segregation and mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Giladi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gera, N., Yang, A., Holtzman, T.S., Lee, S.X., Wong, E.T., and Swanson, K.D. (2015). Tumor treating fields perturb the localization of septins and cause aberrant mitotic exit. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125269"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2965883","article-title":"A Theoretical Study on the Biophysical Mechanisms by Which Tumor Treating Fields Affect Tumor Cells During Mitosis","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvador, E., Kessler, A.F., Domr\u00f6se, D., H\u00f6rmann, J., Schaeffer, C., Giniunaite, A., Burek, M., Tempel-Brami, C., Voloshin, T., and Volodin, A. (2022). Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Reversibly Permeabilize the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101348"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02534-7","article-title":"Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) induce immunogenic cell death resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy when combined with anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"69","author":"Voloshin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149258","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149258","article-title":"Tumor Treating Fields dually activate STING and AIM2 inflammasomes to induce adjuvant immunity in glioblastoma","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2012.32.122","article-title":"Noninvasive Application of Alternating Electric Fields in Glioblastoma: A Fourth Cancer Treatment Modality","volume":"32","author":"Gutin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.10.003","article-title":"Tumor treating fields cause replication stress and interfere with DNA replication fork maintenance: Implications for cancer therapy","volume":"217","author":"Karanam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2711","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.136","article-title":"Tumor-treating fields elicit a conditional vulnerability to ionizing radiation via the downregulation of BRCA1 signaling and reduced DNA double-strand break repair capacity in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines","volume":"8","author":"Karanam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2021.08.011","article-title":"Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) downregulate the Fanconi Anemia-BRCA pathway and increase the efficacy of chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma preclinical models","volume":"160","author":"Mumblat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsheshet, Y., Voloshin, T., Brant, B., Cohen, G., Koren, L., Blatt, R., Cahal, S., Haj Khalil, T., Zemer Tov, E., and Paz, R. (2022). Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Concomitant with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Are Therapeutically Effective in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) In Vivo Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214073"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1085-9","article-title":"AMPK-dependent autophagy upregulation serves as a survival mechanism in response to Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields)","volume":"9","author":"Shteingauz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2753","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.171","article-title":"Biological activity of tumor-treating fields in preclinical glioma models","volume":"8","author":"Silginer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0882-7","article-title":"Tumor-treating fields induce autophagy by blocking the Akt2\/miR29b axis in glioblastoma cells","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidi, S., Jacobovitch, S., Shteingauz, A., Martinez-Conde, A., Braten, O., Tempel-Brami, C., Zeevi, E., Frechtel-Gerzi, R., Ene, H., and Dor-On, E. (2022). Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Concomitant with Sorafenib Inhibit Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122959"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100100","article-title":"T Cells Retain Pivotal Antitumoral Functions under Tumor-Treating Electric Fields","volume":"207","author":"Diamant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-0887","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of Tumor Treating Fields","volume":"82","author":"Moser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-018-0130-x","article-title":"Tumor treating fields increases membrane permeability in glioblastoma cells","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1838658","article-title":"Tumor treating fields (TTF) treatment enhances radiation-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"96","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62267","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11407","article-title":"Biological effect of an alternating electric field on cell proliferation and synergistic antimitotic effect in combination with ionizing radiation","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-017-0941-6","article-title":"Tumor treating fields (TTFields) delay DNA damage repair following radiation treatment of glioma cells","volume":"12","author":"Giladi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2022-3316","article-title":"Abstract 3316: Tumor Treating Fields in combination with radiation cause significant delay in tumor growth in in-vivo mice modelsignificant delay in tumor growth in in-vivo mice model","volume":"82","author":"Karanam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"3935","article-title":"Tumor treating fields can effectively overcome trastuzumab resistant breast cancer multiplication","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, Y., Kim, E.H., Sai, S., Kim, J.S., Cho, J.M., Kim, H., Baek, J.H., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, S.G., and Yoon, M. (2018). Functional Biological Activity of Sorafenib as a Tumor-Treating Field Sensitizer for Glioblastoma Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113684"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"3475","article-title":"Sorafenib increases tumor treating fields-induced cell death in glioblastoma by inhibiting STAT3","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30532-7","article-title":"Tumour Treating Fields in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin or carboplatin as first-line treatment for unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (STELLAR): A multicentre, single-arm phase 2 trial","volume":"20","author":"Ceresoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00042","article-title":"Triple-drug Therapy With Bevacizumab, Irinotecan, and Temozolomide Plus Tumor Treating Fields for Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896246","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.896246","article-title":"Scalp-Sparing Radiation With Concurrent Temozolomide and Tumor Treating Fields (SPARE) for Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-018-1198-0","article-title":"Dose-dense temozolomide for recurrent high-grade gliomas: A single-center retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii81","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz126.296","article-title":"P14.61 Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) combined with lomustine (CCNU) and temozolomide (TMZ) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) patients\u2013A bi-centric analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2022.103727","article-title":"Novel taxanes in development: Hopes or hypes?","volume":"176","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111824","article-title":"New insight towards development of paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in cancer cells: EMT as a novel molecular mechanism and therapeutic possibilities","volume":"141","author":"Ashrafizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-7372(95)90030-6","article-title":"Docetaxel (Taxotere): Single agent activity, development of combination treatment and reducing side-effects","volume":"21","author":"Pronk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059030-00015","article-title":"Docetaxel: An update of its use in advanced breast cancer","volume":"59","author":"Figgitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0563-z","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel Monotherapy: An Updated Literature Review","volume":"57","author":"Stage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-014-2607-5","article-title":"Overview of neuropathy associated with taxanes for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer","volume":"75","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0714","article-title":"The concurrent chemoradiation paradigm--general principles","volume":"4","author":"Seiwert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02503-9","article-title":"The effect of paclitaxel on apoptosis, autophagy and mitotic catastrophe in AGS cells","volume":"11","author":"Khing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1997","article-title":"Paclitaxel-induced nuclear translocation of FOXO3a in breast cancer cells is mediated by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and Akt","volume":"66","author":"Sunters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21522","article-title":"Mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis induced by docetaxel in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells","volume":"217","author":"Fabbri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2016.07.017","article-title":"Molecular complexity of taxane-induced cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Mang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makarov, S.N., Noetscher, G.M., and Nummenmaa, A. (2021). Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020: Computational Human Models Presented at EMBC 2019 and the BRAIN Initiative\u00ae 2019 Meeting, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45623-8"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirson, E.D., Schneiderman, R.S., Dbaly, V., Tovarys, F., Vymazal, J., Itzhaki, A., Mordechovich, D., Gurvich, Z., Shmueli, E., and Goldsher, D. (2009). Chemotherapeutic treatment efficacy and sensitivity are increased by adjuvant alternating electric fields (TTFields). BMC Med. Phys., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6649-9-1"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"399","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic Advances for NSCLC","volume":"15","author":"Massafra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.008","article-title":"The Immune Revolution: A Case for Priming, Not Checkpoint","volume":"33","author":"Vonderheide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"European Society for Medical Oncology (2022, August 01). Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up. Available online: https:\/\/www.esmo.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-by-topic\/lung-and-chest-tumours\/clinical-practice-living-guidelines-metastatic-non-small-cell-lung-cancer."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii38","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz063.085","article-title":"187TiP\u2013Tumor Treating Fields concurrent with standard of care therapy for stage 4 NSCLC following platinum failure: Phase 3 LUNAR study","volume":"30","author":"Weinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2022, August 01). Effect of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) (150 kHz) Concurrent With Standard of Care Therapies for Treatment of Stage 4 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Following Platinum Failure (LUNAR), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02973789."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds203","article-title":"The impact of second to sixth line therapy on survival of relapsed ovarian cancer after primary taxane\/platinum-based therapy","volume":"23","author":"Hanker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT174","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2019-CT174","article-title":"Abstract CT174: Phase III INNOVATE study of tumor treating fields (200 kHz) concomitant with weekly paclitaxel for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (ENGOT-ov50\/BGOG study groups)","volume":"79","author":"Vergote","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2022, August 01). Effect of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields, 200 kHz) Concomitant With Weekly Paclitaxel for the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian Cancer (ENGOT-ov50\/GOG-3029\/INNOVATE-3), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03940196."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"370","article-title":"Advanced pancreatic cancer: The standard of care and new opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Mohammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servetto, A., Santaniello, A., Napolitano, F., Foschini, F., Marciano, R., Mozzillo, E., Cascetta, P., Amato, A.R., Augurio, M.R., and Maresca, L. (2021). Use of FOLFIRINOX or Nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine for the Treatment of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Single Institution Observational Study. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194939"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30327-9","article-title":"Nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPACT): A multicentre, open-label phase 2 study","volume":"5","author":"Philip","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2022, August 01). Effect of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields, 150 kHz) as Front-Line Treatment of Locally-advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Concomitant With Gemcitabine and Nab-paclitaxel (PANOVA-3), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03377491."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS629","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.TPS629","article-title":"PANOVA-3: A phase 3 study of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel (GnP) for front-line treatment of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Picozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi88","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz175.363","article-title":"EXTH-31. Combination of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) and paclitaxel produces additive reductions in proliferation and clonogenicity in patient-derived metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells","volume":"21","author":"Michelhaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/3\/636\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:11:07Z","timestamp":1760119867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/3\/636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15030636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15030636","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]}}}