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AML is associated with poor outcome due to the lack of efficient therapies and early diagnostic tools. The current gold standard diagnostic tools are based on bone marrow biopsy. These biopsies, apart from being very invasive, painful, and costly, have low sensitivity. Despite the progress uncovering the molecular pathogenesis of AML, the development of novel detection strategies is still poorly explored. This is particularly important for patients that check the criteria for complete remission after treatment, since they can relapse through the persistence of some leukemic stem cells. This condition, recently named as measurable residual disease (MRD), has severe consequences for disease progression. Hence, an early and accurate diagnosis of MRD would allow an appropriate therapy to be tailored, improving a patient\u2019s prognosis. Many novel techniques with high potential in disease prevention and early detection are being explored. Among them, microfluidics has flourished in recent years due to its ability at processing complex samples as well as its demonstrated capacity to isolate rare cells from biological fluids. In parallel, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has shown outstanding sensitivity and capability for multiplex quantitative detection of disease biomarkers. Together, these technologies can allow early and cost-effective disease detection as well as contribute to monitoring the efficiency of treatments. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of AML disease, the conventional techniques currently used for its diagnosis, classification (recently updated in September 2022), and treatment selection, and we also aim to present how novel technologies can be applied to improve the detection and monitoring of MRD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1677029987000},"page":"1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Current and Emerging Techniques for Diagnosis and MRD Detection in AML: A Comprehensive Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5615-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Abalde-Cela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9m","family":"Sampaio-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela C.","family":"Areias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Ludovico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3695-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Di\u00e9guez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.01.006","article-title":"Hematopoiesis: A human perspective","volume":"10","author":"Doulatov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.025","article-title":"Hematopoiesis: An evolving paradigm for stem cell biology","volume":"132","author":"Orkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-570200","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cells: Concepts, definitions, and the new reality","volume":"125","author":"Eaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12984","article-title":"The bone marrow niche for haematopoietic stem cells","volume":"505","author":"Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Barbara, J. 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