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Intricate interaction networks of cytokines produced by resident and inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment play crucial roles in ESCC development and metastasis, thus influencing therapy efficiency. As such, cytokines are the most prominent targets for specific therapies and prognostic parameters to predict tumor progression and aggressiveness. In this work, we examined the association between ESCC progression and the systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines to determine their usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers. We analyzed the levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-\u03b1 e IL-12p70 in a group of 70 ESCC patients and 70 healthy individuals using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) technology. We detected increased levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in ESCC patients compared to controls. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only IL8 was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC, as were the well-known risk factors: alcohol consumption, tobacco usage, and exposure to pesticides\/insecticides. Importantly, patients with low IL-6, IL-8, TNM I\/II, or those who underwent surgery had a significantly higher overall survival rate. We also studied cultured Kyse-30 and Kyse-410 cells in mice. We determined that the ESCC cell line Kyse-30 grew more aggressively than the Kyse-410 cell line. This enhanced growth was associated with the recruitment\/accumulation of intratumoral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In conclusion, our data suggest IL-8 as a valuable prognostic factor with potential as a biomarker for ESCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15071997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1679967694000},"page":"1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interleukin-8 and Interleukin-6 Are Biomarkers of Poor Prognosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paula Roberta Aguiar","family":"Pastrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Institute, and Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital\u2014Pio XII Foundation, Barretos 14784-390, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia Sammartino","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Institute, and Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital\u2014Pio XII Foundation, Barretos 14784-390, Brazil"},{"name":"Anhanguera Faculty in Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13416-257, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rhafaela Lima","family":"Causin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Institute, and Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital\u2014Pio XII Foundation, Barretos 14784-390, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Antonio Gil","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eg\u00eddio","family":"Torrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adhemar","family":"Longatto-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Institute, and Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital\u2014Pio XII Foundation, Barretos 14784-390, Brazil"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medical Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01237-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Update in global trends, etiology and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Uhlenhopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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