{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T18:38:40Z","timestamp":1775587120839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136973\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136973\/2018"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE-FEDER","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE-FEDER","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE-FEDER","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136973\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136973\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT and European Social Funding","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT and European Social Funding","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"]}]},{"name":"FCT and European Social Funding","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136973\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136973\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common ocular neoplasm in children, whose development depends on two mutational events that occur in both alleles of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1). Regarding the nature of these mutational events, RB can be classified as hereditary if the first event is a germline mutation and the second one is a somatic mutation in retina cells or nonhereditary if both mutational events occur in somatic cells. Although the rate of survival of RB is significantly elevated, the incidence of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) is a concern, since SMNs are the main cause of death in these patients. Effectively, RB patients present a higher risk of SMN incidence compared to other oncology patients. Furthermore, evidence confirms that hereditary RB survivors are at a higher risk for SMNs than nonhereditary RB survivors. Over the decades, some studies have been performed to better understand this subject, evaluating the risk of the development of SMNs in RB patients. Furthermore, this risk seems to increase with the use of ionizing radiation in some therapeutic approaches commonly used in the treatment of RB. This review aims to clarify the effect of ionizing radiation in RB patients and to understand the association between the risk of SMN incidence in patients that underwent radiation therapy, especially in hereditary RB individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15225336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T03:42:40Z","timestamp":1699501360000},"page":"5336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk of Second Tumors in Retinoblastoma Survivors after Ionizing Radiation: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0619-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas A.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7994-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Salom\u00e9","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Claudia F.","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Castela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Pediatric Oncology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim N.","family":"Murta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filomena","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2013.11.001","article-title":"Retinoblastoma: An Overview","volume":"28","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J. 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