{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:47:15Z","timestamp":1764604035654,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Centre of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto","award":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"\u201cJuan Rod\u00e9s\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Servizo Galego de Sa\u00fade (SERGAS)","award":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-189-CI-IPOP-22-2023-MethylProCancer","JR17\/00016","2022.11060.BD","SFRH\/BD\/143717\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies. Although most cases are not life-threatening, approximately 20% endure an unfavorable outcome. PSA-based screening reduced mortality but at the cost of an increased overdiagnosis\/overtreatment of low-risk (lrPCa) and favorable intermediate-risk (firPCa) PCa. PCa risk-groups are usually identified based on serum Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), the Gleason score, and clinical T stage, which have consistent although variable specificity or subjectivity. Thus, more effective and specific tools for risk assessment are needed, ideally making use of minimally invasive methods such as liquid biopsies. In this systematic review we assessed the clinical potential and analytical performance of liquid biopsy-based biomarkers for pre-treatment risk stratification of PCa patients. Methods: Studies that assessed PCa pre-treatment risk were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and MedLine. PCa risk biomarkers were analyzed, and the studies\u2019 quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results: The final analysis comprised 24 full-text articles, in which case-control studies predominated, mostly reporting urine-based biomarkers (54.2%) and biomarker quantification by qPCR (41.7%). Categorization into risk groups was heterogeneous, predominantly making use of the Gleason score. Conclusion: This systematic review unveils the substantial clinical promise of using circulating biomarkers in assessing the risk for prostate cancer patients. However, the standardization of groups, categories, and biomarker validation are mandatory before this technique can be implemented. Circulating biomarkers might represent a viable alternative to currently available tools, obviating the need for tissue biopsies, and allowing for faster and more cost-effective testing, with superior analytical performance, specificity, and reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:28:00Z","timestamp":1711891680000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Biomarkers for Pre-Treatment Risk Stratification of Prostate Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4687-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/CI-IPOP @RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epigenomics Unit, Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology Group (ONCOMET), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS\/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Salta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/CI-IPOP @RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Pathology and Molecular Genetics, ICBAS-School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/CI-IPOP @RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Urology & Urology Clinic, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1315-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenomics Unit, Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology Group (ONCOMET), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS\/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group (ONCOMET), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red C\u00e1ncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"D\u00edaz-Lagares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenomics Unit, Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology Group (ONCOMET), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS\/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red C\u00e1ncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Henrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/CI-IPOP @RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS-School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Jer\u00f3nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/CI-IPOP @RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS-School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bento, M.J., Rodrigues, J., Leite Silva, P., and Calisto, R. (2023, April 01). 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