{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:19:27Z","timestamp":1776939567259,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00051\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00051\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00051\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00051\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["BNW-1-044\/K\/3\/B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-044\/K\/3\/B"]}]},{"name":"Cardiovascular R&amp;D Center\u2014UnIC","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Cardiovascular R&amp;D Center\u2014UnIC","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628"]}]},{"name":"Cardiovascular R&amp;D Center\u2014UnIC","award":["UIDB\/00051\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00051\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Cardiovascular R&amp;D Center\u2014UnIC","award":["UIDP\/00051\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00051\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Cardiovascular R&amp;D Center\u2014UnIC","award":["BNW-1-044\/K\/3\/B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-044\/K\/3\/B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of biomarkers for head and neck cancer (HNC), a prevalent but molecularly diverse malignancy. We detail the roles of key proteins and genes in tumourigenesis and progression, emphasizing their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance. Our bioinformatic validation reveals crucial genes such as AURKA, HMGA2, MMP1, PLAU, and SERPINE1, along with microRNAs (miRNA), linked to HNC progression. OncomiRs, including hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-31-5p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-196a-5p, and hsa-miR-200c-3p, drive tumourigenesis, while tumour-suppressive miRNAs like hsa-miR-375 and hsa-miR-145-5p inhibit it. Notably, hsa-miR-155-3p correlates with survival outcomes in addition to the genes RAI14, S1PR5, OSBPL10, and METTL6, highlighting its prognostic potential. Future directions should focus on leveraging precision medicine, novel therapeutics, and AI integration to advance personalized treatment strategies to optimize patient outcomes in HNC care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16213716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1730713974000},"page":"3716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Progress in Precision Medicine for Head and Neck Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Vakili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8113-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Barzegar","family":"Behrooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7658-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Whichelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guelph College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Hamid","family":"Emwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Lab of NMR, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Jaremko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9518-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek J.","family":"Los","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Ghavami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guelph College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01550-6","article-title":"Head and neck cancer","volume":"398","author":"Mody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191","article-title":"Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. 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