{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:50:55Z","timestamp":1762253455518,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSSiPRO NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000015","UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019","CTTI-51\/18-IPC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSSiPRO NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000015","UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019","CTTI-51\/18-IPC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004871","name":"Research Foundation for the State University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Materials Network of Excellence"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Materials Network of Excellence"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Catalysts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports a new strategy for enzyme immobilization based on passive immobilization in neat and magnetically responsive polyamide 4 (PA4) highly porous particles. The microsized particulate supports were synthesized by low-temperature activated anionic ring-opening polymerization. The enzyme of choice was laccase from Trametes versicolor and was immobilized by either adsorption on prefabricated PA4 microparticles (PA4@iL) or by physical in situ entrapment during the PA4 synthesis (PA4@eL). The surface topography of all PA4 particulate supports and laccase conjugates, as well as their chemical and physical structure, were studied by microscopic, spectral, thermal, and synchrotron WAXS\/SAXS methods. The laccase content and activity in each conjugate were determined by complementary spectral and enzyme activity measurements. PA4@eL samples displayed &gt;93% enzyme retention after five incubation cycles in an aqueous medium, and the PA4@iL series retained ca. 60% of the laccase. The newly synthesized PA4-laccase complexes were successfully used in dyestuff decolorization aiming at potential applications in effluent remediation. All of them displayed excellent decolorization of positively charged dyestuffs reaching ~100% in 15 min. With negative dyes after 24 h the decolorization reached 55% for PA4@iL and 85% for PA4@eL. A second consecutive decolorization test revealed only a 5\u201310% decrease in effectiveness indicating the reusability potential of the laccase-PA4 conjugates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10070767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T10:45:19Z","timestamp":1594291519000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Polymer-Assisted Biocatalysis: Polyamide 4 Microparticles as Promising Carriers of Enzymatic Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nadya","family":"Dencheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6342-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Braz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Scheibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Malfois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALBA Synchrotron Facility, Cerdanyola del Val\u00e9s, 0890 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zlatan","family":"Denchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7433-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Gitsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"},{"name":"The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)80043-5","article-title":"Biocatalysts for clean industrial products and processes","volume":"2","author":"Bull","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1071\/CH03291","article-title":"Biocatalysis for sustainable organic synthesis","volume":"57","author":"Sheldon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201101821","article-title":"Immobilized Biocatalysts\u2013novel approaches and tools for binding enzymes to supports","volume":"23","author":"Alcalde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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