{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:43:13Z","timestamp":1762083793021,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Catalysts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Control of the recombination process and improvement of transport charge carriers could be achieved in photocatalysts by modifying the catalytic support. In the present study, our goal was to study the effect of nitrogen doping on graphene oxide sheets using doping sources such as urea, thiourea, or ethylenediamine to produce GO-N catalytic supports which were used to form ZnO\/GO-N systems. The synthesis of ZnO and GO-N was carried out through a hydrothermal process under microwave heating. The ZnO\/GO-N compounds were tested to study the degradation of the lignin molecule under UV irradiation. A set of characterization techniques were used to study the ZnO\/GO-N compounds, including XPS analyses which confirmed the N-doping in the samples. The ZnO compound reached 40% of lignin degradation in 70 min, while the ZnO\/GO-N compound produced 79% of lignin degradation, also in 70 min evidencing the positive effect of the GO-N support. The best results of degradation were obtained when thiourea was used as the N-doping media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13010069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:31:17Z","timestamp":1672371077000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Nitrogen Doping in GO as Support in ZnO\/GO-N Compounds and Their Photocatalytic Assessment to Degrade the Lignin Molecule"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4952-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ramos-Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Espino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional-Unidad M\u00e9rida, M\u00e9rida 97310, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bartolo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional-Unidad M\u00e9rida, M\u00e9rida 97310, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en F\u00edsica, Universidad de Sonora, Luis Rosales Encinas, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.09.072","article-title":"Microwave Assisted Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Flower Grown on Graphene Oxide Sheets for Enhanced Photodegradation of Dyes","volume":"357","author":"Kashinath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/096369351602500102","article-title":"Synthesis of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Composite Nanorods and Their Photocatalytic Properties","volume":"25","author":"Pei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.08.052","article-title":"Degradation of Methylene Blue Using ZnSe-Graphene Nanocomposites under Visible-Light Irradiation","volume":"41","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.10.143","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Lignin on Synthesized Ag-AgCl\/ZnO Nanorods under Solar Light and Preliminary Trials for Methane Fermentation","volume":"175","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2004.02.001","article-title":"Removal of Synthetic Dyes from Wastewaters: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Oros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2633366X19895020","article-title":"Synthesis of Z-Scheme Mn-CdS\/MoS2\/TiO2 Ternary Photocatalysts for High-Efficiency Sunlight-Driven Photocatalysis","volume":"28","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2020.100071","article-title":"Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Hollow TiO2 Microspheres for Selective Photocatalysis","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.08.015","article-title":"CeO2 Nanofibers-CdS Nanostructures n\u2013n Junction with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity","volume":"13","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2011.01.012","article-title":"Photochemical Preparation of CdS Hollow Microspheres at Room Temperature and Their Use in Visible-Light Photocatalysis","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2020.06.014","article-title":"Assisting Bi2MoO6 Microspheres with Phenolic Resin-Based ACSs as Attractive Tailor-Made Supporter for Highly-Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2020.105214","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO\/PMMA Nanocomposite by Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition for Possible Photocatalysis Applications","volume":"118","author":"Farrugia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.03.051","article-title":"Controlled Microwave-Assisted and PH-Affected Growth of ZnO Structures and Their Photocatalytic Performance","volume":"386","author":"Kubiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00090a012","article-title":"Bleaching of Lignin Solution by a Photocatalyzed Reaction on Semiconductor Photocatalysts","volume":"28","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis, Dopant Study and Device Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: Mini Review","volume":"2","author":"Yogamalar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"329","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Application of CdS\/ZnO Nanorod Heterostructure for the Photodegradation of Rhodamine B Dye","volume":"2","author":"Adegoke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124368","article-title":"Photocatalytic Performance of Nitrogen Doped ZnO Structures Supported on Graphene Oxide for MB Degradation","volume":"236","author":"Rangel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2018.03.011","article-title":"CdS Sensitized TiO2 Nano Heterostructures as Sunlight Driven Photocatalyst","volume":"16","author":"Kavil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2019.105860","article-title":"Au-Nanoparticle-Supported ZnO as Highly Efficient Photocatalyst for H2O2 Production","volume":"134","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.107","article-title":"Visible-Light-Driven Photodegradation of Sulfamethoxazole and Methylene Blue by Cu2O\/RGO Photocatalysts","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10451","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502848102","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals","volume":"102","author":"Novoselov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.01.118","article-title":"Synthesis of R-GO\/TiO2 composites via the UV-Assisted Photocatalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide","volume":"380","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(12)70044-5","article-title":"Graphene: Synthesis and Applications","volume":"15","author":"Avouris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.117478","article-title":"Interface Matters: Design of an Efficient CaCu3Ti4O12-RGO Photocatalyst","volume":"404","author":"Praxedes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2015.07.051","article-title":"Identification of Functional Groups and Determination of Carboxyl Formation Temperature in Graphene Oxide Using the XPS O 1s Spectrum","volume":"590","author":"Kwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.08.050","article-title":"An Overview of Industrial Scalable Production of Graphene Oxide and Analytical Approaches for Synthesis and Characterization","volume":"9","author":"Ikram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2018.10.004","article-title":"Electrochemical Detection of Graphene Oxide","volume":"96","author":"Gocyla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochem. commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.05.048","article-title":"Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene\u2013ZnO Nanocomposites with Improved Photocatalytic Activity","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.07.073","article-title":"Influence of N-Doping on Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles under Visible Light Irradiation","volume":"134","author":"Rajbongshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.03.060","article-title":"ZnO\/Graphene-Oxide Nanocomposite with Remarkably Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance","volume":"377","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2015.12.064","article-title":"Recent Progress on Doped ZnO Nanostructures for Visible-Light Photocatalysis","volume":"605","author":"Samadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5185\/amlett.2017.6559","article-title":"Temperature Dependence Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Urea","volume":"8","author":"Chamoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.06.063","article-title":"One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites Using Zn Powders for Enhanced Photocatalysis","volume":"229","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.04.013","article-title":"Local Structural Changes Induced by Ion Bombardment in Magnetron Sputtered ZnO: Al Films: Raman, XPS, and XAS Study","volume":"365","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.06.286","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of CdS Sub-Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals","volume":"457","author":"Al","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.09.093","article-title":"Approach of Fermi Level and Electron-Trap Level in Cadmium Sulfide Nanorods via Molybdenum Doping with Enhanced Carrier Separation for Boosted Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production","volume":"583","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/cs200652y","article-title":"Review on Recent Progress in Nitrogen-Doped Graphene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Potential Applications","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100315s","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Its Biosensing","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.05.026","article-title":"A Simple Method to Synthesize Continuous Large Area Nitrogen-Doped Graphene","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.07.070","article-title":"CdS-Graphene Nanocomposite for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications","volume":"482","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2016.04.001","article-title":"Graphene Oxide: Exploiting Its Unique Properties toward Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis","volume":"4","author":"Putri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"81","article-title":"High-Yield of Lignin Degradation under N-ZnO\/Graphene Oxide Compounds","volume":"392\u2013393","author":"Rangel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.03.060","article-title":"The Role of Graphene Oxide Content on the Adsorption-Enhanced Photocatalysis of Titanium Dioxide\/Graphene Oxide Composites","volume":"170","author":"Pham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1021\/am200655h","article-title":"Photocatalytic Activity of Heterostructures Based on ZnO and N-Doped ZnO","volume":"3","author":"Qin","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-017-1137-5","article-title":"Tailoring Surface and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO and Nitrogen-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Using Microwave-Assisted Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis","volume":"123","author":"Rangel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6027","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300115g","article-title":"Graphene Oxide: Preparation, Functionalization, and Electrochemical Applications","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7996","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0498302","article-title":"Titanium Dioxide Catalyzed Photodegradation of Lignin in Industrial Effluents","volume":"43","author":"Dahm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Catalysts"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4344\/13\/1\/69\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:01Z","timestamp":1760147761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4344\/13\/1\/69"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["catal13010069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/catal13010069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4344"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4344"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}