{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:45:04Z","timestamp":1760150704684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project PhotoBioTrans","award":["EXPL\/CTM-CTM\/0790\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/CTM-CTM\/0790\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Catalysts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) is a harmful compound produced in large amounts in the chemical industry, and its reduction to aminophenol (4-APh) using noble metals as catalysts is one of the most studied processes. The development of noble metal-free catalysts represents an economic advantage in large-scale applications and contributes to the sustainability of raw materials. Coal fly ash (FA), a major waste stream from coal combustion, contains an easily recoverable magnetic fraction (FAmag sample) composed of Fe-rich particles that could substitute noble metal catalysts in 4-NPh reduction, with the concomitant advantage of being easily recovered via magnetic separation. For this purpose, a new composite material containing copper ferrite nanoparticles (FAmag@CS@CuFe) was prepared via a facile, environmentally friendly and cost-effective method based on three components: FAmag as the core, a biobased polymer chitosan (CS) as the linker and copper ferrite CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (CuFe) as the active sites. The structure, morphology, composition and magnetic properties of the FAmag@CS@CuFe material were studied to assess the efficiency of the preparation. It was found that the biopolymer prevented the aggregation of CuFe nanoparticles and enabled a synergistically outstanding activity towards the reduction of 4-NPh in comparison to the pristine FAmag and bare CuFe nanoparticles. The FAmag@CS@CuFe catalyst showed efficiency and stability in the conversion of 4-NPh of up to 95% in 3 min over four consecutive cycles. Such remarkable catalytic results demonstrate the potential of this catalyst as a substitute for expensive noble metals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/catal14010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T11:17:24Z","timestamp":1702984644000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Highly Efficient and Magnetically Recyclable Non-Noble Metal Fly Ash-Based Catalysts for 4-Nitrophenol Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Iwona","family":"Ku\u017aniarska-Biernacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Institute\u2014Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Valentim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Institute\u2014Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Institute\u2014Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o H.","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP, Departamento de F\u00edsica e Astronomia da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1646-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP, Departamento de F\u00edsica e Astronomia da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia F.","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sivodia, C., and Sinha, A. 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