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The obtained membranes were characterized to gain insights into their texture, morphology, composition, and other catalyst-related properties that could affect the photocatalytic filtration process. For that purpose, N2 adsorption\u2013desorption, contact angle, SEM-EDX, thermal analysis, FTIR, XPS, UV-vis DRS, and PL spectroscopy were used. Filtration tests were carried out in continuous mode using a dead-end filtration cell to evaluate the performance of the prepared membranes in removing the selected MPs. Experiments were performed both in ultrapure water and a secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. It was found that the synthesized membranes could effectively remove the target MPs in ultrapure water, achieving up to 99% elimination. Such process performance decreased drastically in the secondary effluent with removals below 35%. Carbonate\/bicarbonate ions in the secondary effluent were identified as the main scavenging substances. Thus, after the partial removal of carbonate\/bicarbonate ions from the secondary effluent, the removal of MPs achieved was above 60%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/catal14020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T04:57:07Z","timestamp":1706504227000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Nanocomposite PVDF\/TiO2 Photocatalytic Membranes for Micropollutant Removal in Secondary Effluent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5826-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Aldana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Agua, Cambio Clim\u00e1tico y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n M. T.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim L.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3611-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan L.","family":"Acero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Agua, Cambio Clim\u00e1tico y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Agua, Cambio Clim\u00e1tico y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104153","article-title":"Facing the Treatment of Polymedicated Effluents Using Gaseous Ozone Electrochemically Generated","volume":"55","author":"Moratalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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