{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:39:00Z","timestamp":1772912340131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TU-DSPP-2024-276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU-DSPP-2024-276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Catalysts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study introduces a new strategy for the environmentally friendly catalytic degradation of Reactive Red 24 (RR24) dye using sunlight. We developed a cost-effective quaternary nanocomposite by immobilizing a sodium alginate biopolymer over bioengineered Co-Zn-Ce nanoparticles, forming an SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce nanocomposite (where SA means sodium alginate). This composite also demonstrated an exceptional antioxidant potential of approximately 89%, attributed to the synergistic effect of sodium alginate and green-synthesized Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce nanoparticles (biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a reducing agent). Scanning electron microscopy revealed grain sizes of 28.6 nm for Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce NPs and 25.59 nm for SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce nanocomposites (NCs). X-ray diffraction showed particle sizes of 16.87 nm and 15.43 nm, respectively. Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce NPs exhibited a zeta potential of 1.99 mV, whereas the sodium alginate-anchored Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce showed \u22127.99 mV. This indicated the entrapment of negatively charged ions from sodium alginate, altering the surface charge characteristics and enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of RR24. Dynamic light scattering revealed an average particle size of approximately 81 nm for SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce NCs, with the larger size due to the influence of water molecules in the colloidal solution affecting hydrodynamic diameter measurement. The SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce NCs exhibited a CO2 adsorption capacity of 3.29 mmol\/g at 25 \u00b0C and 4.76 mmol\/g at 40 \u00b0C, indicating temperature-dependent variations in adsorption capabilities. The specific surface area of Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce oxide NPs, measured using Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) analysis, was found to be 167.346 m2\/g, whereas the SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce oxide nanocomposite showed a surface area of 24.14 m2\/g. BJH analysis revealed average pore diameters of 34.60 \u00c5 for Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce oxide NPs and 9.26 \u00c5 for SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce oxide NCs. Although the immobilization of sodium alginate on Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce oxide NPs did not increase the adsorption sites and porosity of the composite, as evidenced by the N2 adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms, the SA@Co\u2013Zn\u2013Ce oxide NCs still demonstrated a high photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RR24.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/catal14080471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T10:46:20Z","timestamp":1721817980000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Facile Synthesis of Sodium Alginate (SA)-Based Quaternary Bio-Nanocomposite (SA@Co-Zn-Ce) for Antioxidant Activity and Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Red 24"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4765-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidra","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5758-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Afaf","family":"Almasoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah P.O. Box 42734, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Doaa F.","family":"Baamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah P.O. Box 42734, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2653-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Makram","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Taraba University College, Taraba Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia A. C.","family":"Carabineiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5343-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Babar","family":"Taj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, K., Chakraborty, S., and Roychoudhury, A. (2025). Management of Soil, Waste and Water in the Context of Global Climate Change. Environmental Nexus for Resource Management, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003358169-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babaniyi, B.R., Ogundele, O.D., Bisi-Omotosho, A., Babaniyi, E.E., and Aransiola, S.A. (2023). 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