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It can be obtained through the dehydration of carbohydrates. In this study, we present a simple and cost-effective microwave-assisted method for producing HMF. This method involves the use of readily available sucrose as a substrate and glucose-derived bifunctional hydrochars as carbocatalysts. These catalysts were produced via hydrothermal carbonisation using thiourea and urea as nitrogen and sulphur sources, respectively, to introduce Br\u00f8nsted acidic and basic sites into the materials. Using a microwave reactor, we found that the S, N-doped hydrochars were active in sucrose dehydration in water. Catalytic results showed that HMF yield depended on the balance between acidic and basic sites as well as the types of S and N species present on the surfaces of these hydrochars. The best-performing catalyst achieved an encouraging HMF yield of 37%. The potential of N, S-co-doped biochar as a green solid catalyst for various biorefinery processes was demonstrated. A simple kinetic model was developed to elucidate the kinetics of the main reaction pathways of this cascade process, showing a very good fit with the experimental results. The calculated rate constants revealed that reactions with a 5% sucrose loading exhibited significantly higher fructose dehydration rates and produced fewer side products than reactions using a more diluted substrate. No isomerisation of glucose into fructose was observed in an air atmosphere. On the contrary, a limited rate of isomerisation of glucose into fructose was recorded in an oxygen atmosphere. Therefore, efforts should focus on achieving a high glucose-to-fructose isomerisation rate (an intermediate reaction step) to improve HMF selectivity by reducing humin formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15070656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from Sucrose in Aqueous Phase Using S, N-Doped Hydrochars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0907-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Morawa Eblagon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael G.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Malaika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3982-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Alejandro","family":"Castro Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5003-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Rey-Raap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono (INCAR-CSIC), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Fernando R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Agency, E.E. (2025, May 05). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport in Europe. 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