{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:31:22Z","timestamp":1761294682208,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Higher Education)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.01305.PTDC","2022.03249.PTDC","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020","2021.06265.BD","CEECIND\/01006\/2017","ZIA HL006151-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01305.PTDC","2022.03249.PTDC","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020","2021.06265.BD","CEECIND\/01006\/2017","ZIA HL006151-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT Stimulus of Scientific Employment Individual Support Call 2017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.01305.PTDC","2022.03249.PTDC","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020","2021.06265.BD","CEECIND\/01006\/2017","ZIA HL006151-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01305.PTDC","2022.03249.PTDC","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020","2021.06265.BD","CEECIND\/01006\/2017","ZIA HL006151-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.01305.PTDC","2022.03249.PTDC","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020","2021.06265.BD","CEECIND\/01006\/2017","ZIA HL006151-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01305.PTDC","2022.03249.PTDC","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020","2021.06265.BD","CEECIND\/01006\/2017","ZIA HL006151-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is growing evidence supporting the role of fibroblasts in all stages of atherosclerosis, from the initial phase to fibrous cap and plaque formation. In the arterial wall, as with macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts are exposed to a myriad of LDL lipids, including the lipid species formed during the oxidation of their polyunsaturated fatty acids of cholesteryl esters (PUFA-CEs). Recently, our group identified the final oxidation products of the PUFA-CEs, cholesteryl hemiesters (ChE), in tissues from cardiovascular disease patients. Cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), the most prevalent lipid of this family, is sufficient to impact lysosome function in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, with consequences for their homeostasis. Here, we show that the lysosomal compartment of ChA-treated fibroblasts also becomes dysfunctional. Indeed, fibroblasts exposed to ChA exhibited a perinuclear accumulation of enlarged lysosomes full of neutral lipids. However, this outcome did not trigger de novo lysosome biogenesis, and only the lysosomal transcription factor E3 (TFE3) was slightly transcriptionally upregulated. As a consequence, autophagy was inhibited, probably via mTORC1 activation, culminating in fibroblasts\u2019 apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the impairment of lysosome function and autophagy and the induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts may represent an additional mechanism by which ChA can contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12242826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:14:42Z","timestamp":1702440882000},"page":"2826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cholesteryl Hemiazelate Present in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Causes Lysosome Dysfunction in Murine Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elizeth","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3930-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela","family":"Machado-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina Guerreiro","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5120-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8860-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria I. L.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC)\u2013Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3256-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC)\u2013Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Puertollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9674-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 R. A.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4924-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ot\u00edlia V.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-069 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611","article-title":"Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease","volume":"118","author":"Herrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. 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