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However, little is known about DC activation when facing Leishmania parasites. Thus, this study investigates in vitro activity of canine peripheral blood-derived DCs (moDCs) exposed to L. infantum and L. amazonensis parasites and their extracellular vesicles (EVs). L. infantum increased toll-like receptor 4 gene expression in synergy with nuclear factor \u03baB activation and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This parasite also induced the expression of class II molecules of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and upregulated co-stimulatory molecule CD86, which, together with the release of chemokine CXCL16, can attract and help in T lymphocyte activation. In contrast, L. amazonensis induced moDCs to generate a mix of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that this parasite can establish a different immune relationship with DCs. EVs promoted moDCs to express class I MHC associated with the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of CXCL16, suggesting that EVs can modulate moDCs to attract cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Thus, these parasites and their EVs can shape DC activation. A detailed understanding of DC activation may open new avenues for the development of advanced leishmaniasis control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1709539427000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploiting Leishmania\u2014Primed Dendritic Cells as Potential Immunomodulators of Canine Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Val\u00e9rio-Bolas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Palma-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4261-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armanda","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divis\u00e3o de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Telmo","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Armada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divis\u00e3o de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica (UMLDBQ), 1849-012 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Mesquita-Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lis","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Alexandre-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon-FCUL-BioISI Ce3CE, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pereira da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Santos-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, 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