{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:51:18Z","timestamp":1769881878056,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade\u2014COMPETE)","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/HP20\/52300001"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/7989\/2020"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007628)"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04279\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excitotoxicity is a pathological process that occurs in many neurological diseases, such as stroke or epilepsy, and is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of high concentrations of glutamate or other excitatory amino acids (EAAs). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion is an early event following excitotoxicity in many in vitro and in vivo excitotoxic-related models and contributes to the deregulation of energy homeostasis. However, the interplay between glutamate excitotoxicity and the NAD biosynthetic pathway is not fully understood. To address this question, we used a primary culture of rat cortical neurons and found that an excitotoxic glutamate insult alters the expression of the NAD biosynthetic enzymes. Additionally, using a fluorescent NAD mitochondrial sensor, we observed that glutamate induces a significant decrease in the mitochondrial NAD pool, which was reversed when exogenous NAD was added. We also show that exogenous NAD protects against the glutamate-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Glutamate excitotoxicity changed mitochondrial retrograde transport in neurites, which seems to be reversed by NAD addition. Finally, we show that NAD and NAD precursors protect against glutamate-induced cell death. Together, our results demonstrate that glutamate-induced excitotoxicity acts by compromising the NAD biosynthetic pathway, particularly in the mitochondria. These results also uncover a potential role for mitochondrial NAD as a tool for central nervous system (CNS) regenerative therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14080582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T07:42:01Z","timestamp":1744616521000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuroprotection by Mitochondrial NAD Against Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bruna S.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CiBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa J.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas C.","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5830-2595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro D.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBiMED\u2014Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CiBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121814","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemia and Glutamate Excitotoxicity","volume":"328","author":"Neves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00859-0","article-title":"Neuronal Death Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategy in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"38","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Z., Xiang, M., Chen, C., Ding, F., Wang, Y., Shang, C., Xin, L., Zhang, Y., and Cui, X. (2022). Glutamate Excitotoxicity: Potential Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke. Biomed. Pharmacother., 151.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113125"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2701526","article-title":"Role of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Glutamatergic Signaling in Chronic and Acute Neuropathologies","volume":"2016","author":"Carvajal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11154","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.008820","article-title":"GluN2A-NMDA Receptor\u2013Mediated Sustained Ca2+ Influx Leads to Homocysteine-Induced Neuronal Cell Death","volume":"294","author":"Deep","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00278-7","article-title":"Excitotoxicity, Calcium and Mitochondria: A Triad in Synaptic Neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5552-09.2010","article-title":"NAD+ Depletion Is Necessary and Sufficient ForPoly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1-Mediated Neuronal Death","volume":"30","author":"Alano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-009-8058-1","article-title":"Nicotinamide Prevents NAD+ Depletion and Protects Neurons against Excitotoxicity and Cerebral Ischemia: NAD+ Consumption by SIRT1 May Endanger Energetically Compromised Neurons","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1427.028","article-title":"Preventing NAD(+) Depletion Protects Neurons against Excitotoxicity: Bioenergetic Effects of Mild Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Caloric Restriction","volume":"1147","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700221RR","article-title":"Nicotinamide Riboside, a Form of Vitamin B(3), Protects against Excitotoxicity-Induced Axonal Degeneration","volume":"31","author":"Vaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20449","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151120449","article-title":"The Effects of NAD+ on Apoptotic Neuronal Death and Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function after Glutamate Excitotoxicity","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, H., and Ding, S. (2016). Pre-B-Cell Colony-Enhancing Factor Protects against Apoptotic Neuronal Death and Mitochondrial Damage in Ischemia. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32416"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, M.J., Pedro, J.R., Costa, R.O., and Almeida, R.D. (2016). Visualizing K48 Ubiquitination during Presynaptic Formation by Ubiquitination-Induced Fluorescence Complementation (UiFC). Front. Mol. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00043"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e65452","article-title":"Optimized Automated Analysis of Live Neuronal Mitochondria Homeostasis Modulation by Isoform-Specific Retinoic Acid Receptors","volume":"197","author":"Trigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01506-2","article-title":"Author Correction: Automated Segmentation and Tracking of Mitochondria in Live-Cell Time-Lapse Images","volume":"19","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5168","article-title":"Biosensor Reveals Multiple Sources for Mitochondrial NAD+","volume":"352","author":"Cambronne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5780","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5780","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of Transcription through Compartmentalized NAD+ Biosynthesis","volume":"360","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl7634","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl7634","article-title":"The Niacin Receptor HCAR2 Modulates Microglial Response and Limits Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Moutinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040679","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.040679","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Niacin in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Moutinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharechkina, E., Nikiforova, A., and Kruglov, A. (2021). NAD(H) Regulates the Permeability Transition Pore in Mitochondria through an External Site. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168560"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2031-9","article-title":"CD38 Knockout Mice Show Significant Protection Against Ischemic Brain Damage Despite High Level Poly-ADP-Ribosylation","volume":"42","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra67","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002700","article-title":"The Membrane-Bound Enzyme CD38 Exists in Two Opposing Orientations","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Signal"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14878","article-title":"Subcellular NAMPT-Mediated NAD(+) Salvage Pathways and Their Roles in Bioenergetics and Neuronal Protection after Ischemic Injury","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33246","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33246","article-title":"Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Is Transported into Mammalian Mitochondria","volume":"7","author":"Davila","year":"2018","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe5310","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe5310","article-title":"MCART1\/SLC25A51 Is Required for Mitochondrial NAD Transport","volume":"6","author":"Kory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2741-7","article-title":"SLC25A51 Is a Mammalian Mitochondrial NAD+ Transporter","volume":"588","author":"Luongo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21767","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.213298","article-title":"Pathways and Subcellular Compartmentation of NAD Biosynthesis in Human Cells: From Entry of Extracellular Precursors to Mitochondrial NAD Generation","volume":"286","author":"Nikiforov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.450","article-title":"NMNAT3 Is Protective against the Effects of Neonatal Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia","volume":"4","author":"Galindo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.08.005","article-title":"Exogenous Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Regulates Energy Metabolism via Hypothalamic Connexin 43","volume":"88","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03742-1","article-title":"Enzymology of Extracellular NAD Metabolism","volume":"78","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07566.x","article-title":"Pre-B-Cell Colony-Enhancing Factor Exerts a Neuronal Protection through Its Enzymatic Activity and the Reduction of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in in Vitro Ischemic Models","volume":"120","author":"Bi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/8\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:13:15Z","timestamp":1760029995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/8\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14080582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14080582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]}}}