{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:11:26Z","timestamp":1772608286445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gamma delta T cells (Tc) are divided according to the type of V\u03b4 and V\u03b3 chains they express, with two major \u03b3\u03b4 Tc subsets being recognized in humans: V\u03b42V\u03b39 and V\u03b41. Despite many studies in pathological conditions, only a few have quantified the \u03b3\u03b4 Tc subsets in healthy adults, and a comprehensive review of the factors influencing its representation in the blood is missing. Here we quantified the total \u03b3\u03b4 Tc and the V\u03b42\/V\u03b39 and V\u03b41 Tc subsets in the blood from 30 healthy, Caucasian, Portuguese adults, we characterized their immunophenotype by 8-color flow cytometry, focusing in a few relevant Tc markers (CD3\/TCR-\u03b3\u03b4, CD5, CD8), and costimulatory (CD28), cytotoxic (CD16) and adhesion (CD56) molecules, and we examined the impacts of age and gender. Additionally, we reviewed the literature on the influences of race\/ethnicity, age, gender, special periods of life, past infections, diet, medications and concomitant diseases on \u03b3\u03b4 Tc and their subsets. Given the multitude of factors influencing the \u03b3\u03b4 Tc repertoire and immunophenotype and the high variation observed, caution should be taken in interpreting \u201cabnormal\u201d \u03b3\u03b4 Tc values and repertoire deviations, and the clinical significance of small populations of \u201cphenotypically abnormal\u201d \u03b3\u03b4 Tc in the blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T10:01:35Z","timestamp":1584612095000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Human Peripheral Blood Gamma Delta T Cells: Report on a Series of Healthy Caucasian Portuguese Adults and Comprehensive Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytometry, Unit for Hematology Diagnosis, Department of Hematology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto (CHUP), Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (UMIB\/ICBAS\/UP); 4099-001 Porto Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho (CHVNG\/E); 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytometry, Unit for Hematology Diagnosis, Department of Hematology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto (CHUP), Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (UMIB\/ICBAS\/UP); 4099-001 Porto Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria dos Anjos","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytometry, Unit for Hematology Diagnosis, Department of Hematology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto (CHUP), Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (UMIB\/ICBAS\/UP); 4099-001 Porto Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Bini-Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunohematology and Blood Donors Unit, Department of Hematology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto (CHUP), Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (UMIB\/ICBAS\/UP); 4099-001Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytometry, Unit for Hematology Diagnosis, Department of Hematology, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto (CHUP), Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (UMIB\/ICBAS\/UP); 4099-001 Porto Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-960X(02)00029-2","article-title":"Emerging role of gammadelta T-cells in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Aljurf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(01)00529-X","article-title":"[Retrospective study of 55 patients with circulating blood T gama\/delta lymphocytosis]","volume":"23","author":"Granel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. 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