{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T14:50:56Z","timestamp":1773067856180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathological condition of neuroinflammation is caused by the activation of the neuroimmune cells astrocytes and microglia. The autacoid adenosine seems to be an important neuromodulator in this condition. Its main receptors involved in the neuroinflammation modulation are A1AR and A2AAR. Evidence suggests that A1AR activation produces a neuroprotective effect and A2AARs block prevents neuroinflammation. The aim of this work is to elucidate the effects of these receptors in neuroinflammation using the partial agonist 2\u2032-dCCPA (2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyl-2\u2032-deoxyadenosine) (C1 KiA1AR = 550 nM, KiA2AAR = 24,800 nM, and KiA3AR = 5560 nM, \u03b1 = 0.70, EC50A1AR = 832 nM) and the newly synthesized in house compound 8-chloro-9-ethyl-2-phenethoxyadenine (C2 KiA2AAR = 0.75 nM; KiA1AR = 17 nM and KiA3AR = 227 nM, IC50A2AAR = 251 nM unpublished results). The experiments were performed in in vitro and in in vivo models of neuroinflammation. Results showed that C1 was able to prevent the inflammatory effect induced by cytokine cocktail (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IFN-\u03b3) while C2 possess both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, counteracting both neuroinflammation in mixed glial cells and in an animal model of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, C2 is a potential candidate for neuroinflammation therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T03:23:16Z","timestamp":1595388196000},"page":"1739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Adenosine Receptors as Neuroinflammation Modulators: Role of A1 Agonists and A2A Antagonists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleix","family":"Mart\u00ed Navia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-6885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Dal Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catia","family":"Lambertucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Spinaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Volpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Marques-Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana E.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa V.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Marucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Buccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.12.005","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory role of Leptin in glial cells through p38 MAPK pathway inhibition","volume":"69","author":"Patraca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. 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