{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T02:40:23Z","timestamp":1771296023470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ceramics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To mitigate CO2 emissions from raw material decomposition and reduce the consumption of natural resources, this study investigated the use of mussel and oyster shell waste as secondary raw materials in earthenware production. Mineralogical, chemical and thermal analyses confirmed their suitability as sources of bio-calcite. Specimens incorporating various replacement levels (0\u2013100%) showed no significant differences in key properties. Plates produced with mussel-derived bio-calcite in a pilot plant exhibited comparable properties to standard ceramics, demonstrating their industrial viability. CO2 emissions were reduced by 14% and 10% in mussel and oyster shell-based ceramics, respectively, potentially saving up to 53 kgCO2eq\/t under the European Emissions Trading System, if the shells are classified as by-products. These findings demonstrated that bivalve shell waste can effectively replace mineral calcite in earthenware products, reducing CO2 emissions and virgin raw material consumption, diverting waste from landfills and promoting sustainability in the ceramic industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ceramics8020076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T08:43:58Z","timestamp":1750322638000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decarbonisation of Earthenware Ceramic Production Using Bivalve Shell Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Silveirinha","family":"Vilarinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo MCS Portugal, Zona Industrial de Oi\u00e3, Lote 34, 3770-908 Oi\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering\/ICEMS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cla\u00fadia","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo MCS Portugal, Zona Industrial de Oi\u00e3, Lote 34, 3770-908 Oi\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo MCS Portugal, Zona Industrial de Oi\u00e3, Lote 34, 3770-908 Oi\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo MCS Portugal, Zona Industrial de Oi\u00e3, Lote 34, 3770-908 Oi\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9963-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Clara","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering\/ICEMS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cerame-Unie TECIA (2021). Ceramic Roadmap to 2050\u2014Continuing Our Path Towards Climate Neutrality, Cerame-Unie TECIA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Eurostat EU (2024, July 05). EU\u2019s Circular Material Use Rate Slightly Up in 2022. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/en\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/w\/ddn-20231114-2."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"CCA-Europe CCAE Aisbl (2024, July 05). Calcium Carbonate is a Renewable Raw Material. 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