{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:55:08Z","timestamp":1778054108165,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"INTERREG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCTEP\/0072_IBEROS_MAIS_1_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCTEP\/0072_IBEROS_MAIS_1_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"INTERREG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04730\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04730\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"INTERREG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NotUIDP\/04730\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NotUIDP\/04730\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["POCTEP\/0072_IBEROS_MAIS_1_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCTEP\/0072_IBEROS_MAIS_1_E"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04730\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04730\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["NotUIDP\/04730\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NotUIDP\/04730\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of glucose is crucial for diagnosing diseases such as diabetes and enables timely medical intervention. In this study, a disposable enzymatic screen-printed electrode electrochemical biosensor enhanced with machine learning (ML) for quantifying glucose in serum is presented. The platinum working surface was modified by chemical adsorption with biographene (BGr) and glucose oxidase, and the enzyme was encapsulated in polydopamine (PDP) by electropolymerisation. Electrochemical characterisation and morphological analysis (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) confirmed the modifications. Calibration curves in Cormay serum (CS) and selectivity tests with chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the biosensor\u2019s performance. Non-linear ML regression algorithms for modelling glucose concentration and calibration parameters were tested to find the best-fit model for accurate predictions. The biosensor with BGr and enzyme encapsulation showed excellent performance with a linear range of 0.75\u201340 mM, a correlation of 0.988, and a detection limit of 0.078 mM. Of the algorithms tested, the decision tree accurately predicted calibration parameters and achieved a coefficient of determination above 0.9 for most metrics. Multilayer perceptron models effectively predicted glucose concentration with a coefficient of determination of 0.828, demonstrating the synergy of biosensor technology and ML for reliable glucose detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13020052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:55:22Z","timestamp":1738648522000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Machine Learning Approach for Enhanced Glucose Prediction in Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014LabRISE-School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela dos Santos","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014LabRISE-School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Vinagre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014LabRISE-School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionisios","family":"Cavouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6787-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim A.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014LabRISE-School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeDRI, SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Sta Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeDRI, SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Sta Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felismina T. C.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014LabRISE-School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"A268","article-title":"Diabetes 2030: Impact of globalization","volume":"55","author":"Chetty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0442","article-title":"Globalization of Diabetes The role of diet, lifestyle, and genes","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, February 01). International Diabetes Federation. Available online: https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/what-is-diabetes\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2021.11.011","article-title":"Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Elliott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prim. 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