{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:59:11Z","timestamp":1774047551484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PT national funds","award":["COMPETE 2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2030"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["15875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15875"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["COMPETE 2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2030"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["15875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15875"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["COMPETE 2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2030"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["15875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15875"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anticoagulants, including warfarin, are often administered to patients who are exhibiting early symptoms of thromboembolic episodes or who have already experienced such episodes. However, warfarin has a limited therapeutic index and might cause bleeding and other clinical problems. Warfarin inhibits the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), an enzyme essential for activating vitamin K, in the coagulation cascade. Genetic factors, such as polymorphisms, can change the natural function of VKORC1, causing variations in the medication reaction among individuals. Hence, before prescribing warfarin, the patient\u2019s genetic profile should also be considered. In this study, an electrochemical genosensor capable of detecting the VKORC1 1639 G&gt;A polymorphism was designed and optimized. This analytical approach detects the electric current obtained during the hybridization reaction between two 52 base pair complementary oligonucleotide sequences. Investigating public bioinformatic platforms, two DNA sequences with the A and G single-nucleotide variants were selected and designed. The experimental protocol of the genosensor implied the formation of a bilayer composed of a thiolate DNA and an alkanethiol immobilized onto gold electrodes, as well as the formation of a DNA duplex using a sandwich-format hybridization reaction through a fluorescein labelled DNA signalling probe and the enzymatic amplification of the electrochemical signal, detected by chronoamperometry. A detection limit of 20 pM and a linear range of 0.05\u20131.00 nM was obtained. A clear differentiation between A\/A, G\/A and G\/G genotypes in biological samples was successfully identified by his novel device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13070248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:36:58Z","timestamp":1752161818000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex (VKORC1) Electrochemical Genosensors: Towards the Identification of 1639 G&gt;A Genetic Polymorphism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7654-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5272-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia M. C. S.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina F.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hygor","family":"Ferreira-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e T\u00e9cnologia Do Piau\u00ed (IFPI), Departamento de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ambiente, Sa\u00fade e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Aliment\u00edcia, Teresina 64280-000, PI, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Giovanny R.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos Em Gen\u00e9tica Humana e M\u00e9dica (GEHMED), Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biomedicina, Universidade Do Delta Do Parna\u00edba (UFDPar), Parna\u00edba 64202-020, PI, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5020-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia do Porto\u2014Francisco Gentil, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria F\u00e1tima","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00028-z","article-title":"Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Disease Research Driven by Metabolomics Technologies in the Context of Systems Biology","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj. Metab. 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