{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:28:20Z","timestamp":1778340500961,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of wastewater is essential in environmental chemistry, particularly for monitoring emerging contaminants and assessing ecological impacts. In this context, hyphenated chromatographic techniques are widely used, with liquid chromatography being one of the most common. However, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains a valuable tool in this field due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and widespread availability in most laboratories. This review examines the application of validated methods for wastewater analysis using GC-MS (MS), highlighting its relevance in identifying micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, pesticides, hormones, and industrial by-products. The validation of analytical methods is crucial to ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of data and the accurate monitoring of contaminants. Key parameters, including sample volume, recovery efficiency, and detection and quantification limits, are discussed, evaluating different approaches to optimising the identification of different classes of contaminants. Additionally, this study explores advances in sample preparation techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME), and solid-phase extraction (SPE), which enhance efficiency and minimise interferences in the analysis. Finally, future perspectives are discussed, including the integration of emerging technologies such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, the miniaturisation of GC systems, and the development of faster and more sustainable analytical methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13070253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T09:56:54Z","timestamp":1752487014000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Analytical Approaches Using GC-MS for the Detection of Pollutants in Wastewater Towards Environmental and Human Health Benefits: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Catarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7038-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Pelixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5330-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Feij\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB), Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Socorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 R. T. S.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB), Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"BRIDGES, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biotecnol\u00f3gica para a Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Design de Produtos de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco S\u00e1 Carneiro, n.\u00ba 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB), Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-023-00779-4","article-title":"NORMAN Guidance on Suspect and Non-Target Screening in Environmental Monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Hollender","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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