{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:45:06Z","timestamp":1773701106112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/105876\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/105876\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["716510 (ERC-2016-STG TREND)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["716510 (ERC-2016-STG TREND)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["685758 (1D-Neon)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["685758 (1D-Neon)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing use of wearable devices has been stimulating research efforts in the development of energy harvesters as more portable and practical energy sources alternatives. The field of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), especially employing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs), has greatly flourished in recent years. Despite its modest piezoelectric coefficient, ZnO is very attractive due to its sustainable raw materials and the facility to obtain distinct morphologies, which increases its multifunctionality. The integration of ZnO nanostructures into polymeric matrices to overcome their fragility has already been proven to be fruitful, nevertheless, their concentration in the composite should be optimized to maximize the harvesters\u2019 output, an aspect that has not been properly addressed. This work studies a composite with variable concentrations of ZnO nanorods (NRs), grown by microwave radiation assisted hydrothermal synthesis, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). With a 25 wt % ZnO NRs concentration in a composite that was further micro-structured through laser engraving for output enhancement, a nanogenerator (NG) was fabricated with an output of 6 V at a pushing force of 2.3 N. The energy generated by the NG could be stored and later employed to power small electronic devices, ultimately illustrating its potential as an energy harvesting device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9020027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T04:53:00Z","timestamp":1612068780000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Optimization of ZnO Nanorods Concentration in a Micro-Structured Polymeric Composite for Nanogenerators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6240-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rovisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5446-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Barquinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7350-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"\u00c1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6608-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Igreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N)\/Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais (CENIMAT), Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP)\/Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias (UNINOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L. 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