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Changing the pH above or below the optimal pH 7 was used to model the long-term stress that would be experienced by V. fischeri in environmental toxicology assays. The spectral shape of bioluminescence and cell-surface charge during the exponential growth phase were largely unaffected by pH changes. The pH-induced modulation of V. fischeri growth, monitored via the optical density (OD), was moderate. In contrast, the concomitant changes in the time-profiles of their bioluminescence, which is used as the readout in assays, were more significant. Imaging at discrete timepoints by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and helium-ion microscopy (HIM) revealed that mature V. fischeri cells maintained a rod-shaped morphology with the average length of 2.2 \u00b1 1 \u00b5m and diameter of 0.6 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5m. Detailed morphological analysis revealed subpopulations of rods having aspect ratios significantly larger than those of average individuals, suggesting the use of such elongated rods as an indicator of the multigenerational environmental stress. The observed modulation of bioluminescence and morphology supports the suitability of V. fischeri as biological chemosensors for both rapid and long-term assays, including under environmental conditions that can modify the physicochemical properties of novel anthropogenic pollutants, such as nanomaterials and especially stimulus-responsive nanomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9100283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T09:24:04Z","timestamp":1633598644000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["pH-Induced Modulation of Vibrio fischeri Population Life Cycle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Exner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Schwaiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Maria Madalena","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9089-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitri Y.","family":"Petrovykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1396-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.066","article-title":"Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicity assessment: A review","volume":"626","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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