{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:17:30Z","timestamp":1771273050505,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["EXALAR 21 02\/SAICT\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXALAR 21 02\/SAICT\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["30193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30193"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte","award":["EXALAR 21 02\/SAICT\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXALAR 21 02\/SAICT\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte","award":["30193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30193"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXALAR 21 02\/SAICT\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXALAR 21 02\/SAICT\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There seems to exist an intricate relationship between airway inflammation, body mass index (BMI), and diet. The intake of specific foods or food groups has been suggested to suppress the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes that characterize airway inflammation, but little is known about dietary patterns and their complex interplay with BMI and airway inflammation. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), a characteristic European diet, and levels of airway inflammation in school-aged children, taking into account their BMI. This cross-sectional analysis comprised 660 children: 49.1% females, 7\u201312 years old. Adherence to the MD was assessed through the alternate Mediterranean score (aMED). Higher scores represent a healthier diet (0\u20138). Airway inflammation was assessed measuring exhaled fractional nitric oxide (eNO). Two categories of BMI were considered: non-overweight\/non-obese (p &lt; 85th) and overweight\/obese (p \u2265 85th). The associations between diet and airway inflammation were estimated using logistic regression models. Higher scores of the aMED were associated with decreased odds of having eNO \u2265 35 ppb, but only in non-overweight\/non-obese children (OR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61\u20130.97). For overweight\/obese children, the previous association was not significant (OR = 1.57, 95% CI, 0.88\u20132.79). Our findings suggest that adherence to the MD is associated with lower levels of airway inflammation among non-overweight\/non-obese children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10081305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:28:46Z","timestamp":1690766926000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mediterranean Diet and Airway Inflammation in School-Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7932-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2400-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"de Castro Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Padr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Immuno-Allergology Department, Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE) , Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5762-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Paci\u00eancia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Population Health, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Cavaleiro","family":"Rufo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0656-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Immuno-Allergology Department, Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-018-1191-2","article-title":"A review of inflammatory mechanism in airway diseases","volume":"68","author":"Aghasafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00196","article-title":"Measuring Airway Inflammation in Asthmatic Children","volume":"6","author":"Tenero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.08.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cellular pathways of asthma and inflammation: Therapeutic strategies and pharmacological targets","volume":"181","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8712-1","article-title":"Understanding Asthma Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Mechanisms of Disease","volume":"56","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00263","article-title":"Pathology of asthma","volume":"4","author":"Kudo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02897.x","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma: A review","volume":"38","author":"Pijnenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21609","article-title":"Asthma: Definitions and pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Mims","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-01024-9","article-title":"Obesity, Inflammation, and Severe Asthma: An Update","volume":"21","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansone, F., Attanasi, M., Di Pillo, S., and Chiarelli, F. (2020). Asthma and Obesity in Children. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070231"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1159\/000513809","article-title":"Effects of Obesity on Airway and Systemic Inflammation in Asthmatic Children","volume":"182","author":"Vezir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785835","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/785835","article-title":"Adiponectin, Leptin, and Resistin in Asthma: Basic Mechanisms through Population Studies","volume":"2013","author":"Sood","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","article-title":"Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers","volume":"500","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins","volume":"457","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magne, F., Gotteland, M., Gauthier, L., Zazueta, A., Pesoa, S., Navarrete, P., and Balamurugan, R. (2020). The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051474"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halnes, I., Baines, K.J., Berthon, B.S., MacDonald-Wicks, L.K., Gibson, P.G., and Wood, L.G. (2017). Soluble Fibre Meal Challenge Reduces Airway Inflammation and Expression of GPR43 and GPR41 in Asthma. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010057"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilleminault, L., Williams, E.J., Scott, H.A., Berthon, B.S., Jensen, M., and Wood, L.G. (2017). Diet and Asthma: Is It Time to Adapt Our Message?. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111227"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0052PS","article-title":"Obesity and Asthma: Microbiome-Metabolome Interactions","volume":"54","author":"Shore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.03.015","article-title":"Dietary factors lead to innate immune activation in asthma","volume":"123","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702572","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02572-2017","article-title":"Associations between dietary scores with asthma symptoms and asthma control in adults","volume":"52","author":"Andrianasolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.04.030","article-title":"Diet and asthma: Is the sum more important than the parts?","volume":"148","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Woods, R.K., Thien, F.C., and Abramson, M.J. (2002). Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001283."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardern, K.D. (2004). Dietary salt reduction or exclusion for allergic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000436.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000436.pub2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02042.x","article-title":"Omega 3 and 6 oils for primary prevention of allergic disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Anandan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"CD000436","article-title":"Dietary sodium manipulation and asthma","volume":"2011","author":"Pogson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Xun, P., and He, K. (2013). Fish and fish oil intake in relation to risk of asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080048"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.08.010","article-title":"Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance","volume":"1851","author":"Calder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrissey, E., Giltinan, M., Kehoe, L., Nugent, A.P., McNulty, B.A., Flynn, A., and Walton, J. (2020). Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Their Ratio in Adults (18-90 y): Findings from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040938"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011718","article-title":"Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Patterns: Interconnections and Implications for Dietary Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Tapsell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koumpagioti, D., Boutopoulou, B., Moriki, D., Priftis, K.N., and Douros, K. (2022). Does Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Have a Protective Effect against Asthma and Allergies in Children? A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081618"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, F.C., Paci\u00eancia, I., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Silva, D., Delgado, L., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (2022). Dietary Acid Load Modulation of Asthma-Related miRNAs in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Children. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061147"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13446","article-title":"Higher diversity of vegetable consumption is associated with less airway inflammation and prevalence of asthma in school-aged children","volume":"32","author":"Mendes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M., de Castro Mendes, F., Paci\u00eancia, I., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Silva, D., Delgado, L., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (2023). Diet Quality and Exhaled Breath Condensate Markers in a Sample of School-Aged Children. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020263"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M., de Castro Mendes, F., Paci\u00eancia, I., Barros, R., Padr\u00e3o, P., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Silva, D., Delgado, L., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2023). Diet quality, asthma and airway inflammation in school-aged children, Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.301"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020002062","article-title":"Modified Mediterranean diet score adapted to a southern Mediterranean population and its relation to overweight and obesity risk","volume":"24","author":"Hatime","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01665.x","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fresh fruit intake are associated with improved asthma control","volume":"63","author":"Barros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01578.x","article-title":"Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: An expression of culture, history, and lifestyle","volume":"55","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2176","article-title":"Association Between Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"180","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09579-0","article-title":"The role of the Mediterranean diet on weight loss and obesity-related diseases","volume":"21","author":"Estruch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2018.04.007","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and inflammatory markers in children with asthma","volume":"47","author":"Douros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12609","article-title":"Efficacy of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with fatty fish in ameliorating inflammation in paediatric asthma: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Papamichael","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025039","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population","volume":"348","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0029-2","article-title":"The validity of dietary assessment methods to accurately measure energy intake in children and adolescents who are overweight or obese: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kuczmarski, R.J., Ogden, C.L., Grummer-Strawn, L.M., Flegal, K.M., Guo, S.S., Wei, R., Mei, Z., Curtin, L.R., Roche, A.F., and Johnson, C.L. (2000). CDC Growth Charts: United States."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02858.x","article-title":"Confounding and effect modification in studies of diet and childhood asthma and allergies","volume":"67","author":"Nurmatov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14051","article-title":"EAACI position paper on diet diversity in pregnancy, infancy and childhood: Novel concepts and implications for studies in allergy and asthma","volume":"75","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7543345","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide","volume":"152","author":"Kharitonov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-7022-3-3","article-title":"The skin prick test\u2014European standards","volume":"3","author":"Heinzerling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00275-9","article-title":"Mediation of the parental education gradient in early adult mortality by childhood adversity: A population-based cohort study of more than 1 million children","volume":"7","author":"Elsenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13527","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and lung function, sensitization, and asthma at school age: The PARIS cohort","volume":"32","author":"Amazouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.01.028","article-title":"Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide and dietary consumption of fats and antioxidants in children with asthma","volume":"119","author":"Cardinale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.163","article-title":"Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"82","author":"Fung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1194163","article-title":"The effect of high protein diet and exercise on irisin, eNOS, and iNOS expressions in kidney","volume":"38","author":"Tastekin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1792826","article-title":"Nutrition and immune system: From the Mediterranean diet to dietary supplementary through the microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13381","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13381","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and adiposity in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Lassale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M., de Castro Mendes, F., Delgado, L., Padr\u00e3o, P., Paci\u00eancia, I., Barros, R., Rufo, J.C., Silva, D., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (2023). Diet and Asthma: A Narrative Review. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116398"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005460","article-title":"Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity","volume":"106","author":"Calder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2018.1424187","article-title":"A review of obesity and asthma across the life span","volume":"55","author":"Khalid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.027","article-title":"Obesity and airway inflammation in asthma","volume":"117","author":"Barros","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24597","article-title":"Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and exhaled nitric oxide in an early adolescent cohort","volume":"55","author":"Flashner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-019-00273-w","article-title":"Weight Status and Respiratory Health in Asthmatic Children","volume":"197","author":"Papamichael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.10.003","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide in severe obesity: Effect of weight loss","volume":"156","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1039OC","article-title":"Obesity and Airway Dysanapsis in Children with and without Asthma","volume":"195","author":"Forno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714595","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/714595","article-title":"Arginine and nitric oxide pathways in obesity-associated asthma","volume":"2013","author":"Holguin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000328","article-title":"Dietary intake of \u03b1-linolenic acid and low ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA are associated with decreased exhaled NO and improved asthma control","volume":"106","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.036","article-title":"A high-fat challenge increases airway inflammation and impairs bronchodilator recovery in asthma","volume":"127","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac037","article-title":"Can Cross-Sectional Studies Contribute to Causal Inference? It Depends","volume":"192","author":"Savitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014009","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","article-title":"Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies","volume":"36","author":"Shim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"38","article-title":"Dietary assessment methods: Dietary records","volume":"31","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.11.001","article-title":"Methodological considerations and future insights for 24-hour dietary recall assessment in children","volume":"51","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601426","article-title":"Selection of methodology to assess food intake","volume":"56","author":"Hulshof","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Wolper, C., Heshka, S., and Heymsfield, S.B. (1995). Handbook of Assessment Methods for Eating Behaviors and Weight-Related Problems: Measures, Theory, and Research, Sage Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01033.x","article-title":"Beyond the body mass index: Tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Lagerpusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.47","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of adiposity with adult lung function in the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH) study","volume":"19","author":"Curry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.08.025","article-title":"Childhood Overweight\/Obesity and Asthma: Is There a Link? A Systematic Review of Recent Epidemiologic Evidence","volume":"113","author":"Papoutsakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"253","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue: A clue to the obesity-asthma endotype(s)?","volume":"22","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e689","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2690","article-title":"Parental underestimates of child weight: A meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Lundahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13111","article-title":"Setting definitions of childhood asthma in epidemiologic studies","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521003743","article-title":"The Portuguese mediterranean diet wheel: Development considerations","volume":"128","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/8\/1305\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:22:00Z","timestamp":1760127720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/8\/1305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children10081305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10081305","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]}}}