{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:31:36Z","timestamp":1760149896448,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2020.07443.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07443.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is a worldwide problem, with several well-known consequences that might start to develop early in life during childhood. The present research based on data from children that have been followed since birth in a previously established cohort study (Generation XXI, Porto, Portugal), taking advantage of State-of-the-Art (SoA) data science techniques and methods, including Neural Architecture Search (NAS), explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), and Deep Learning (DL), aimed to explore the hidden value of data, namely on electrocardiogram (ECG) records performed during follow-up visits. The combination of these techniques allowed us to clarify subtle cardiovascular changes already present at 10 years of age, which are evident from ECG analysis and probably induced by the presence of obesity. The proposed novel combination of new methodologies and techniques is discussed, as well as their applicability in other health domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1696554433000},"page":"1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Association between Childhood Obesity and Cardiovascular Changes in 10 Years Using Special Data Science Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Rala","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, IT-IUL, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3197-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Correia-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7099-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educac\u0327\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liane","family":"Correia-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educac\u0327\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"Postolache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, IT-IUL, Iscte\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0183-z","article-title":"Childhood obesity and the associated rise in cardiometabolic complications","volume":"2","author":"Caprio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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