{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:57Z","timestamp":1760144097945,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CESEM\u2013Center for Studies in Sociology and Musical Aesthetics-NOVA FCSH","award":["UIDB\/00693\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00693\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humming is probably more effective than speech for improving mothers\u2019 cardiorespiratory function and infants\u2019 self-regulation. We intend to understand the effects of (1) maternal humming vs. speech on preterm infants\u2019 physiological parameters, (2) maternal humming vs. speech on mothers\u2019 physiological parameters, and (3) humming melodic contours and the process of the lengthening of the final note on preterm infants\u2019 physiological parameters. This study was designed as a single-group repeated measures study, using microanalytical methodology (ELAN software version 4.9.4), with a protocol (silent baseline\/speech, humming\/silence\/humming, or speech\/silence) applied to preterm dyads (N = 36). Audio and video observations were recorded. Infants\u2019 and mothers\u2019 heart rates (HR) and O2 saturations were observed once a minute. The proportion of O2 saturation relative to HR (Prop. O2 saturation\/HR) was estimated for both partners during the protocol. We found that the infants\u2019 HR mean was significantly lower during humming (p = 0.028), while a significantly higher Prop. O2 saturation\/HR ratio was recorded during humming for infants (p = 0.027) and mothers (p = 0.029). The duration of sinusoidal contours, together with the lengthening of the final note, predicts infants\u2019 Prop. O2 saturation\/HR ratio. Musical features of humming seem to improve the physiological stability of preterm infants during kangaroo care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11030373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T06:35:30Z","timestamp":1711002930000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Humming during Kangaroo Care: Effects on Preterm Dyads\u2019 Physiological Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eduarda Salgado","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sociology and Musical Aesthetics Studies (CESEM\u2014NOVA FCSH), 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel Rosado Miranda","family":"Justo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2018.05.004","article-title":"The Critical Role of the Central Autonomic Nervous System in Fetal-Neonatal Transition","volume":"28","author":"Mulky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. 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