{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:48Z","timestamp":1760146308097,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-007483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-007483"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the most frequently used accelerometer CoPs on the quantification of active preschoolers by weekday; and to analyze children\u2019s physical activity (PA) quantification using a vertical axis and vector magnitude (VM). Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 134 children (70 males) aged 3\u20135 years was studied. Height, body weight, and BMI were assessed. A tri-axial accelerometer was used for seven consecutive days of MVPA and sedentary behavior (SB). Data were analyzed using the three most used CoPs for active preschooler classification (Johansson, Butte, and Pate). A general linear model with repeated measures examined differences in PA and SB, and the agreements of all CoPs were analyzed using the Kappa index. Results: The CoPs adopted by Pate had the highest percentage of children classified as active for the weekdays (73.9%) and weekend (85.6%). The Johansson CoP classified all children as inactive. Furthermore, the prevalence of active boys was significantly higher than their female counterparts based on the Pate and Butte CoPs for the week and weekends. Conclusions: The lowest prevalence rates of active children were observed at the weekend based on all accelerometer CoPs, especially among girls. The choice of cut-points significantly affects the times calculated for different movement intensities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1730088902000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preschoolers\u2019 Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Measured by a Tri-Axial Accelerometer: Compliance with International Guidelines and Different Cut-Points"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristides M.","family":"Machado-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7115-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thales P. Rodrigues","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Larissa L.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Stabelini","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, North Paran\u00e1 State University, Bandeirantes 86360-000, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-4303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Padez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-024-01564-z","article-title":"Trajectories of lifestyle patterns from 2 to 8 years of age and cardiometabolic risk in children: The GUSTO study","volume":"21","author":"Chia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 403, 1027\u20131050."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479439","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/479439","article-title":"Objectively measured physical activity and body mass index in preschool children","volume":"2010","author":"Vale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado-Rodrigues, A.M., Rodrigues, D., Gama, A., Nogueira, H., Silva, M.G., Mascarenhas, L.P., and Padez, C. (2021). Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity levels in a sample of pre-school children: Amounts and obesity risk. Minerva Pediatr.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.21.06584-8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.05.019","article-title":"Correlates of children\u2019s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in early childhood education and care services: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Tonge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100837","article-title":"Boys, older children, and highly active children benefit most from the preschool arena regarding moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: A cross-sectional study of Norwegian preschoolers","volume":"14","author":"Nilsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01155.x","article-title":"Concurrent validation of estimated activity energy expenditure using a 3-day diary and accelerometry in adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.593185","article-title":"Agreement in activity energy expenditure assessed by accelerometer and self-report in adolescents: Variation by sex, age, and weight status","volume":"29","author":"Mota","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-014-0625-z","article-title":"Metabolic risk and television time in adolescent females","volume":"60","author":"Leite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.24.4.563","article-title":"Comparison of accelerometry cut points for physical activity and sedentary behavior in preschool children: A validation study","volume":"24","author":"Hislop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01132-9","article-title":"A systematic review of the validity, reliability, and feasibility of measurement tools used to assess the physical activity and sedentary behaviour of pre-school aged children","volume":"18","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.234","article-title":"Validation and calibration of an accelerometer in preschool children","volume":"14","author":"Pate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2008.00327.x","article-title":"Directly observed physical activity levels in preschool children","volume":"78","author":"Pate","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000209","article-title":"Prediction of energy expenditure and physical activity in preschoolers","volume":"46","author":"Butte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14147","article-title":"Comparing estimates of physical activity in children across different cut-points and the associations with weight status","volume":"32","author":"Leppanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01450-0","article-title":"Adherence to the World Health Organization\u2019s physical activity recommendation in preschool-aged children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of accelerometer studies","volume":"20","author":"Bourke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banda, J.A., Haydel, K.F., Davila, T., Desai, M., Bryson, S., Haskell, W.L., Matheson, D., and Robinson, T.N. (2016). Effects of Varying Epoch Lengths, Wear Time Algorithms, and Activity Cut-Points on Estimates of Child Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity from Accelerometer Data. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150534"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaba, A., Dygryn, J., Mitas, J., Jakubec, L., and Fromel, K. (2016). Effect of Accelerometer Cut-Off Points on the Recommended Level of Physical Activity for Obesity Prevention in Children. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164282"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, E., Larisch, L.M., Marcus, C., and Hagstromer, M. (2016). Calibration and Validation of a Wrist- and Hip-Worn Actigraph Accelerometer in 4-Year-Old Children. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162436"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, D., Gama, A., Machado-Rodrigues, A.M., Nogueira, H., Silva, M.G., Rosado-Marques, V., and Padez, C. (2020). Social inequalities in traditional and emerging screen devices among Portuguese children: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09026-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240","article-title":"Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey","volume":"320","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.21.4.413","article-title":"Preschool children physical activity measurement: Importance of epoch length choice","volume":"21","author":"Vale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69075-2","article-title":"Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: A cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study)","volume":"368","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-6-50","article-title":"Assessment of intensity, prevalence and duration of everyday activities in Swiss school children: A cross-sectional analysis of accelerometer and diary data","volume":"6","author":"Grize","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12350","article-title":"Waist Circumference and Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior in Rural School Adolescents","volume":"86","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15708","article-title":"Less obesity but higher inequalities in Portuguese children: Trends of childhood obesity between 2002\u20132016","volume":"110","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeger-Aschmann, C.S., Schmutz, E.A., Zysset, A.E., Kakebeeke, T.H., Messerli-Burgy, N., Stulb, K., and Kriemler, S. (2019). Accelerometer-derived physical activity estimation in preschoolers\u2014Comparison of cut-point sets incorporating the vector magnitude vs the vertical axis. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6837-7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000771","article-title":"Wear Compliance and Activity in Children Wearing Wrist- and Hip-Mounted Accelerometers","volume":"48","author":"Fairclough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12909","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12909","article-title":"Revisiting the cross-sectional and prospective association of physical activity with body composition and physical fitness in preschoolers: A compositional data approach","volume":"17","author":"Migueles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, M.N., and Trost, S.G. (2022). Device-based measurement of physical activity in pre-schoolers: Comparison of machine learning and cut point methods. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266970"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx006","article-title":"Increasing Canadian paediatricians\u2019 awareness and use of the new Canadian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for ages 0 to 17 years","volume":"22","author":"Carson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002221","article-title":"Free-living Evaluation of Laboratory-based Activity Classifiers in Preschoolers","volume":"52","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, S., O\u2019Brien, M.K., Welch, S.B., and Honegger, K. (2022). Physical Activity among U.S. Preschool-Aged Children: Application of Machine Learning Physical Activity Classification to the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9101433"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01496-0","article-title":"Gender differences in the distribution of children\u2019s physical activity: Evidence from nine countries","volume":"20","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2021-0587","article-title":"Longitudinal Associations Between Device-Measured Physical Activity and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment","volume":"19","author":"Leao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12412","article-title":"Feasibility and validity of the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in measuring physical activity of Malawian toddlers","volume":"102","author":"Pulakka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, S., Zavos, P., Nickele, K., Sugianto, A., and Albert, M.V. (2019). Hip and Wrist-Worn Accelerometer Data Analysis for Toddler Activities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142598"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1994726","article-title":"Cross-validation of cut-points in preschool children using different accelerometer placements and data axes","volume":"40","author":"Altenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1694128","article-title":"The multivariate physical activity signature associated with fundamental motor skills in preschoolers","volume":"38","author":"Nilsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/11\/1296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:21:26Z","timestamp":1760113286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/11\/1296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children11111296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11111296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]}}}