{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T03:32:41Z","timestamp":1761535961960,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Perfectionism is a personality trait characterised by the setting of extremely high and unrealistic personal standards, accompanied by critical self-evaluations. The literature indicates that perfectionism may develop as a learned behaviour, shaped by parent\u2013child interactions, highlighting the influence of parental, individual and environmental factors. This quantitative study examines how parental perfectionism\/practices and child temperament contribute to early perfectionism. Methods: The sample comprised 32 first-grade children (9 girls) from Faro district, aged between five and seven, and their parental figures. Parental perfectionism was assessed using self-report questionnaires, while children\u2019s characteristics were evaluated through a combination of parent-report measures, direct observation, and interview-based methods. Results: Children self-rated higher perfectionism than parents attributed, with modest cross-informant agreement for socially prescribed and negligible agreement for Self-Oriented Perfectionism. Direct parent\u2013child associations were small and method-dependent. Coercive\/intrusive parenting corresponded to higher child Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, with convergence between observed intrusiveness and self-reported coercive practices. Temperament showed modest, patterned covariation with parenting and child perfectionism. Notably, Effortful Control attenuated the association between parental and child Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, whereas Surgency\/Extraversion and Negative Affect did not; no temperament dimension moderated Self-Oriented Perfectionism. Conclusions: Findings indicate a complex interplay between dispositional and environmental factors in early childhood and underscore the value of multi-informant, multi-method assessment. As a pilot study, these findings provide initial insights into the intergenerational transmission of perfectionism in small children and serve as a basis for generating hypotheses and guiding future research, emphasising longitudinal designs and diverse samples to strengthen validity and clarify intergenerational processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12111452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1761533448000},"page":"1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Parental Perfectionism and Child Temperament in the Intergenerational Transmission of Perfectionism: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3812-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Centre in Psychology (CUIP), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8332-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Service (SP), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Fa\u00edsca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Centre in Psychology (CUIP), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Br\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Centre in Psychology (CUIP), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Centre in Psychology (CUIP), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Centre in Psychology (CUIP), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.12.035","article-title":"The relationships between parental conditional regard and adolescents\u2019 self-critical and narcissistic perfectionism","volume":"109","author":"Curran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. 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