{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:07:50Z","timestamp":1775718470113,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to test an observational momentary time sampling tool to estimate in-class moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), in terms of validity, reliability and agreement between observational momentary time sampling and accelerometry, and to develop a regression equation to estimate MVPA from observational momentary time sampling. The sample comprised 78 pupils (38 girls), mean age 14.0 \u00b1 1.1 years. Measurements were taken in three similar Physical Education classes, on three different days. To monitor MVPA, we applied the observational momentary time sampling method. Students wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Reliabilities were determined by the intraclass correlations, the agreement between methods was analyzed using the Bland\u2013Altman method, and a multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the equation. The observational momentary time sampling showed good reliability across time (0.59 &lt; r &lt; 0.72, p &lt; 0.001). It was significantly correlated with accelerometry (r = 0.51, p &lt; 0.001). The MVPA assessed via accelerometer could be predicted from the following equation: Y = 44.3 + 0.47\u22c5(MVPA observational momentary time sampling method) + 8.0\u22c5(sex; with 0 = girls and 1 = boys). This observational momentary time sampling method is a stable and reliable tool to estimate MVPA. A regression equation using the score of observational momentary time sampling and sex can be used to better estimate the real MVPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T02:36:05Z","timestamp":1611196565000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimation of Engagement in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity from Direct Observation: A Proposal for School Physical Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lvio R.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Bruna R.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Saint Joseph of Cluny Higher School of Nursing, 9050-535 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Regional Directorate of Health, Secretary of Health of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, 9004-515 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Quintal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kliegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, 1022 Chavannes-pr\u00e8s-Renens, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, 1022 Chavannes-pr\u00e8s-Renens, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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