{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:19:04Z","timestamp":1773296344630,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)","award":["R0105263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R0105263"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","award":["P30HD03352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30HD03352"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016EDU2016-75368-P\/ BES-2014-070511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016EDU2016-75368-P\/ BES-2014-070511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d\u2019Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR)","award":["2017SGR387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SGR387"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre on Education, Institute of Education; University of Minho FCT\/MCTES-PT","award":["UIDB\/01661\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/01661\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonword repetition has been proposed as a diagnostic marker of developmental language disorder (DLD); however, the inconsistency in the ability of nonword repetition tasks (NRT) to identify children with DLD raises significant questions regarding its feasibility as a clinical tool. Research suggests that some of the inconsistency across NRT may be due to differences in the nature of the nonword stimuli. In this study, we compared children\u2019s performance on NRT between two cohorts: the children in the Catalan\u2013Spanish cohort (CS) were bilingual, and the children in the European Portuguese cohort (EP) were monolingual. NRT performance was assessed in both Spanish and Catalan for the bilingual children from Catalonia-Spain and in Portuguese for the monolingual children from Portugal. Results show that although the absolute performance differed across the two cohorts, with NRT performance being lower for the CS, in both Catalan and Spanish, as compared to the EP cohort in both, the cut-points for the likelihood ratios (LH) were similar across the three languages and mirror those previously reported in previous studies. However, the absolute LH ratio values for this study were higher than those reported in prior research due in part to differences in wordlikeness and frequency of the stimuli in the current study. Taken together, the findings from this study show that an NRT consisting of 3-, 4-, and 5-syllable nonwords, which varies in wordlikeness ratings, when presented in a random order accurately identifies and correctly differentiates children with DLD from TD controls the child is bilingual or monolingual.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Consistency of a Nonword Repetition Task to Discriminate Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder in Catalan\u2013Spanish and European Portuguese Speaking Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2029-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Ahufinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estudis de Psicologia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Educaci\u00f3, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Berglund-Barraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, Hearing Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Cruz-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Education, Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ferinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estudis de Psicologia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Educaci\u00f3, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lloren\u00e7","family":"Andreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estudis de Psicologia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Educaci\u00f3, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2012-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f2nica","family":"Sanz-Torrent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, Hearing Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3802.403","article-title":"Phonological Working Memory and Speech Production in Preschool Children","volume":"38","author":"Adams","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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